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Legal Information: Arizona

Statutes: Arizona

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Statutes: Arizona

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Current through legislation of the Second Regular Session of the Fifty-Sixth Legislature (2024). Additional statutes can be found on the Arizona Legislature website.

Title 11. Counties

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 3. County Officers

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 3. Recorder

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 11-483. Records maintained by county recorder; confidentiality; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, in any county an eligible person may request that the general public be prohibited from accessing the unique identifier and the recording date contained in indexes of recorded instruments maintained by the county recorder and may request the county recorder to prohibit access to that person’s identifying information, including any of the following:

1. That person’s documents, instruments or writings recorded by the county recorder.

2. If the person is a public official, the address of a property held in trust by the public official.

B. An eligible person may request this action by filing an affidavit that states all of the following on an application form developed by the administrative office of the courts in agreement with an association of counties, an organization of peace officers and the motor vehicle division of the department of transportation:

1. The person’s full legal name and residential address.

2. The full legal description and parcel number of the person’s property.

3. Unless the person is the spouse of a peace officer or the spouse or minor child of a deceased peace officer or the person is a former public official or former judge, the position the person currently holds and a description of the person’s duties, except that an eligible person who is protected under an order of protection or injunction against harassment shall instead attach a copy of the order of protection or injunction against harassment or an eligible person who is a participant in the address confidentiality program shall instead attach a copy of the participant’s current and valid address confidentiality program authorization card issued pursuant to § 41-163 and a statement of certification provided by the secretary of state’s office.

4. The reasons the person reasonably believes that the person’s life or safety or that of another person is in danger and that restricting access pursuant to this section will serve to reduce the danger.

5. The document locator number and recording date of each instrument for which the person requests access restriction pursuant to this section.

6. A copy of pages from each instrument that includes the document locator number and the person’s identifying information, including the person’s full legal name and residential address or full legal name and telephone number.

C. If an eligible person is also requesting pursuant to § 11-484 that the general public be prohibited from accessing records maintained by the county assessor and county treasurer, the eligible person may combine the request pursuant to subsection B of this section with the request pursuant to § 11-484 by filing one affidavit. The affidavit and subsequent action by the appropriate authorities shall meet all of the requirements of this section and § 11-484.

D. The affidavit shall be filed with the presiding judge of the superior court in the county in which the affiant resides. To prevent multiple filings, an eligible person who is a peace officer, spouse of a peace officer, spouse or minor child of a deceased peace officer, public defender, prosecutor, code enforcement officer, corrections or detention officer, corrections support staff member or law enforcement support staff member shall deliver the affidavit to the peace officer’s commanding officer, or to the head of the prosecuting, public defender, code enforcement, law enforcement, corrections or detention agency, as applicable, or that person’s designee, who shall file the affidavits at one time. In the absence of an affidavit that contains a request for immediate action and that is supported by facts justifying an earlier presentation, the commanding officer, or the head of the prosecuting, public defender, code enforcement, law enforcement, corrections or detention agency, as applicable, or that person’s designee, shall not file affidavits more often than quarterly.

E. On receipt of an affidavit or affidavits, the presiding judge of the superior court shall file with the clerk of the superior court a petition on behalf of all requesting affiants. Each affidavit presented shall be attached to the petition. In the absence of an affidavit that contains a request for immediate action and that is supported by facts justifying an earlier consideration, the presiding judge may accumulate affidavits and file a petition at the end of each quarter.

F. The presiding judge of the superior court shall review the petition and each attached affidavit to determine whether the action requested by each affiant should be granted. If the presiding judge of the superior court concludes that the action requested by the affiant will reduce a danger to the life or safety of the affiant or another person, the presiding judge of the superior court shall order that the county recorder prohibit access for five years to the affiant’s identifying information, including any of that person’s documents, instruments or writings recorded by the county recorder and made available on the internet. If the presiding judge of the superior court concludes that the affiant or another person is in actual danger of physical harm from a person or persons with whom the affiant has had official dealings and that action pursuant to this section will reduce a danger to the life or safety of the affiant or another person, the presiding judge of the superior court shall order that the general public be prohibited for five years from accessing the unique identifier and the recording date contained in indexes of recorded instruments maintained by the county recorder and identified pursuant to subsection B of this section.

G. On motion to the court, if the presiding judge of the superior court concludes that an instrument or writing recorded by the county recorder has been redacted or sealed in error, that the original affiant no longer lives at the address listed in the original affidavit, that the cause for the original affidavit no longer exists or that temporary access to the instrument or writing is needed, the presiding judge may temporarily stay or permanently vacate all or part of the court order prohibiting public access to the recorded instrument or writing.

H. On entry of the court order, the clerk of the superior court shall file the court order and a copy of the affidavit required by subsection B of this section with the county recorder. Not more than ten days after the date on which the county recorder receives the court order, the county recorder shall restrict access to the information as required by subsection F of this section.

I. If the court denies an affiant’s request pursuant to this section, the affiant may request a court hearing. The hearing shall be conducted by the court in the county where the petition was filed.

J. The county recorder shall remove the restrictions on all records restricted pursuant to this section by January 5 in the year after the court order expires. The county recorder shall send by mail one notice to either the health professional, election officer, public official, former public official, peace officer, spouse of a peace officer, spouse or minor child of a deceased peace officer, public defender, prosecutor, code enforcement officer, corrections or detention officer, corrections support staff member, law enforcement support staff member, employee of the department of child safety or employee of adult protective services who has direct contact with families in the course of employment or the employing agency of the peace officer, public defender, prosecutor, code enforcement officer, corrections or detention officer, corrections support staff member, law enforcement support staff member or employee of adult protective services who was granted an order pursuant to this section of the order’s expiration date at least six months before the expiration date. If the notice is sent to the employing agency, the employing agency shall immediately notify the person who was granted the order of the upcoming expiration date. The county recorder may coordinate with the county assessor and county treasurer to prevent multiple notices from being sent to the same person.

K. To include subsequent recordings in the court order, the eligible person shall present to the county recorder at the time of recordation a certified copy of the court order or shall provide to the county recorder the recording number of the court order. The county recorder shall ensure that public access is restricted pursuant to subsection A of this section.

L. This section does not restrict access to public records for the purposes of perfecting a lien pursuant to title 12, chapter 9, article 2.1

M. This section does not prohibit access to the records of the county recorder by parties to the instrument, a law enforcement officer performing the officer’s official duties pursuant to subsection N of this section, a title insurer, a title insurance agent or an escrow agent licensed by the department of insurance and financial institutions.

N. A law enforcement officer is deemed to be performing the officer’s official duties if the officer provides a subpoena, court order or search warrant for the records.

O. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Code enforcement officer” means a person who is employed by a state or local government and whose duties include performing field inspections of buildings, structures or property to ensure compliance with and enforce national, state and local laws, ordinances and codes.

2. “Commissioner” means a commissioner of the superior court or municipal court.

3. “Corrections support staff member” means an adult or juvenile corrections employee who has direct contact with inmates.

4. “Election officer” means a state, county or municipal employee who holds an election officer’s certificate issued pursuant to § 16-407.

5. “Eligible person” means a health professional, election officer, public official, former public official, peace officer, spouse of a peace officer, spouse or minor child of a deceased peace officer, justice, judge, commissioner, hearing officer, public defender, prosecutor, code enforcement officer, adult or juvenile corrections officer, corrections support staff member, probation officer, member of the commission on appellate court appointments, member of the board of executive clemency, law enforcement support staff member, employee of the department of child safety or employee of adult protective services who has direct contact with families in the course of employment, national guard member who is acting in support of a law enforcement agency, person who is protected under an order of protection or injunction against harassment, person who is a participant in the address confidentiality program pursuant to title 41, chapter 1, article 32 or firefighter who is assigned to the Arizona counter terrorism information center in the department of public safety.

6. “Former public official” means a person who was duly elected or appointed to Congress, the legislature or a statewide office, who ceased serving in that capacity and who was the victim of a dangerous offense as defined in § 13-105 while in office.

7. “Health professional” means an individual who is licensed pursuant to title 32, chapter 13, 15, 17, 19.1, 25 or 33.3

8. “Hearing officer” means a hearing officer who is appointed pursuant to § 28-1553.

9. “Indexes” means only those indexes that are maintained by and located in the office of the county recorder, that are accessed electronically and that contain information beginning from and after January 1, 1987.

10. “Judge” means a judge or former judge of the United States district court, the United States court of appeals, the United States magistrate court, the United States bankruptcy court, the United States immigration court, the Arizona court of appeals, the superior court or a municipal court.

11. “Justice” means a justice of the United States or Arizona supreme court or a justice of the peace.

12. “Law enforcement support staff member” means a person who serves in the role of an investigator or prosecutorial assistant in an agency that investigates or prosecutes crimes, who is integral to the investigation or prosecution of crimes and whose name or identity will be revealed in the course of public proceedings.

13. “Peace officer”:

(a) Means any person vested by law, or formerly vested by law, with a duty to maintain public order and make arrests.

(b) Includes a federal law enforcement officer or agent who resides in this state and who has the power to make arrests pursuant to federal law.

14. “Prosecutor” means a current or former county attorney, municipal prosecutor, attorney general or United States attorney and includes a current or former assistant or deputy United States attorney, county attorney, municipal prosecutor or attorney general.

15. “Public defender” means a federal public defender, county public defender, county legal defender or county contract indigent defense counsel and includes an assistant or deputy federal public defender, county public defender or county legal defender.

16. “Public official” means a person who is duly elected or appointed to congress, the legislature, a statewide office or a county, city or town office.

Title 12. Courts and Civil Proceedings

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 10. Miscellaneous Special Actions and Proceedings

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. Injunctions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 12-1809. Injunction against harassment; petition; venue; fees; notices; enforcement; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person may file a verified petition with a magistrate, justice of the peace or superior court judge for an injunction prohibiting harassment. If the person is a minor, the parent, legal guardian or person who has legal custody of the minor shall file the petition unless the court determines otherwise. The petition shall name the parent, guardian or custodian as the plaintiff, and the minor is a specifically designated person for the purposes of subsection F of this section. If a person is either temporarily or permanently unable to request an injunction, a third party may request an injunction on behalf of the plaintiff. After the request, the judicial officer shall determine if the third party is an appropriate requesting party for the plaintiff. Notwithstanding the location of the plaintiff or defendant, any court in this state may issue or enforce an injunction against harassment.

B. An injunction against harassment shall not be granted:

1. Unless the party who requests the injunction files a written verified petition for injunction.

2. Against a person who is less than twelve years of age unless the injunction is granted by the juvenile division of the superior court.

3. Against more than one defendant.

C. The petition shall state all of the following:

1. The name of the plaintiff. The plaintiff’s address and contact information shall be disclosed to the court for purposes of service and notification. The address and contact information shall not be listed on the petition. Whether or not the court issues an injunction against harassment, the plaintiff’s address and contact information shall be maintained in a separate document or automated database and is not subject to release or disclosure by the court or any form of public access except as ordered by the court.

2. The name and address, if known, of the defendant.

3. A specific statement showing events and dates of the acts constituting the alleged harassment.

4. The name of the court in which there was or is any prior or pending proceeding or order concerning the conduct that is sought to be restrained.

5. The relief requested.

D. A fee shall not be charged for filing a petition under this section. Fees for service of process may be deferred or waived under any rule or law applicable to civil actions, except that fees for service of process shall not be charged if the petition arises out of sexual violence as defined in § 23-371. The court shall advise a plaintiff that the plaintiff may be eligible for the deferral or waiver of these fees at the time the plaintiff files a petition. The court shall not require the plaintiff to perform community restitution as a condition of the waiver or deferral of fees for service of process. A law enforcement agency or constable shall not require the advance payment of fees for service of process of injunctions against harassment. If the court does not waive the fees, the serving agency may assess the actual fees against the plaintiff. On request of the plaintiff, an injunction against harassment that is issued by a municipal court may be served by the police agency for that city if the defendant can be served within the city. If the defendant cannot be served within the city, the police agency in the city in which the defendant can be served may serve the injunction. On request of the plaintiff, each injunction against harassment that is issued by a justice of the peace shall be served by the constable for that jurisdiction if the defendant can be served within the jurisdiction. If the defendant cannot be served within that jurisdiction, the constable in the jurisdiction in which the defendant can be served shall serve the injunction. On request of the plaintiff, an injunction against harassment that is issued by a superior court judge or commissioner may be served by the sheriff of the county. If the defendant cannot be served within that jurisdiction, the sheriff in the jurisdiction in which the defendant can be served may serve the order. The court shall provide, without charge, forms for purposes of this section for assisting parties without counsel.

E. The court shall review the petition, any other pleadings on file and any evidence offered by the plaintiff, including any evidence of harassment by electronic contact or communication, to determine whether the injunction requested should issue without a further hearing. Rules 65(a)(1) and 65(e) of the Arizona rules of civil procedure do not apply to injunctions that are requested pursuant to this section. If the court finds reasonable evidence of harassment of the plaintiff by the defendant during the year preceding the filing of the petition or that good cause exists to believe that great or irreparable harm would result to the plaintiff if the injunction is not granted before the defendant or the defendant’s attorney can be heard in opposition and the court finds specific facts attesting to the plaintiff’s efforts to give notice to the defendant or reasons supporting the plaintiff’s claim that notice should not be given, the court shall issue an injunction as provided in subsection F of this section. If the court denies the requested relief, it may schedule a further hearing within ten days with reasonable notice to the defendant. For the purposes of determining the one-year period, any time that the defendant has been incarcerated or out of this state shall not be counted.

F. If the court issues an injunction, the court may do any of the following:

1. Enjoin the defendant from committing a violation of one or more acts of harassment.

2. Restrain the defendant from contacting the plaintiff or other specifically designated persons and from coming near the residence, place of employment or school of the plaintiff or other specifically designated locations or persons.

3. Grant relief necessary for the protection of the alleged victim and other specifically designated persons proper under the circumstances.

G. The court shall not grant a mutual injunction against harassment. If opposing parties separately file verified petitions for an injunction against harassment, the courts after consultation between the judicial officers involved may consolidate the petitions of the opposing parties for hearing. This does not prohibit a court from issuing cross injunctions against harassment.

H. At any time during the period during which the injunction is in effect, the defendant is entitled to one hearing on written request. A fee may not be charged for requesting a hearing. A hearing that is requested by a defendant shall be held within ten days from the date requested unless the court finds compelling reasons to continue the hearing. The hearing shall be held at the earliest possible time. An ex parte injunction that is issued under this section shall state on its face that the defendant is entitled to a hearing on written request and shall include the name and address of the judicial office where the request may be filed. After the hearing, the court may modify, quash or continue the injunction.

I. The injunction shall include the following statement:

Warning

This is an official court order. If you disobey this order, you may be arrested and prosecuted for the crime of interfering with judicial proceedings and any other crime you may have committed in disobeying this order.

J. An injunction that is not served on the defendant within one year after the date that the injunction is issued expires. The injunction is effective on the defendant on service of a copy of the injunction and petition and expires one year after service on the defendant. A modified injunction is effective on service and expires one year after service of the initial injunction and petition.

K. A supplemental information form that is used solely for the purposes of service of process on the defendant and that contains information provided by the plaintiff is confidential.

L. Each affidavit, declaration, acceptance or return of service shall be filed as soon as practicable but not later than seventy-two hours, excluding weekends and holidays, with the clerk of the issuing court or as otherwise required by court rule. This filing shall be completed in person, electronically or by fax.

M. The supreme court shall maintain a central repository for injunctions. Within twenty-four hours after the affidavit, declaration, acceptance or return of service has been filed, excluding weekends and holidays, the court from which the injunction or any modified injunction was issued shall enter the order and proof of service into the supreme court’s central repository for injunctions. The supreme court shall register the injunction with the national crime information center. The effectiveness of an injunction does not depend on its registration, and for enforcement purposes pursuant to § 13-2810, a copy of an injunction, whether or not registered, is presumed to be a valid existing order of the court for a period of one year from the date of service of the injunction on the defendant.

N. A peace officer, with or without a warrant, may arrest a person if the peace officer has probable cause to believe that the person has violated § 13-2810 by disobeying or resisting an injunction that is issued pursuant to this section, whether or not the violation occurred in the presence of the officer. The provisions for release under § 13-3903 do not apply to an arrest made pursuant to this subsection. A person who is arrested pursuant to this subsection may be released from custody in accordance with the Arizona rules of criminal procedure or any other applicable statute. An order for release, with or without an appearance bond, shall include pretrial release conditions that are necessary to provide for the protection of the alleged victim and other specifically designated persons and may provide for additional conditions that the court deems appropriate, including participation in any counseling programs available to the defendant.

O. If a peace officer responds to a call alleging that harassment has been or may be committed, the officer shall inform in writing any alleged or potential victim of the procedures and resources available for the protection of the victim including:

1. An injunction pursuant to this section.

2. The emergency telephone number for the local police agency.

3. Telephone numbers for emergency services in the local community.

P. The remedies provided in this section for enforcement of the orders of the court are in addition to any other civil and criminal remedies available. The municipal court and the justice court may hear and decide all matters arising pursuant to this section. After a hearing with notice to the affected party, the court may enter an order requiring any party to pay the costs of the action, including reasonable attorney fees, if any. An order that is entered by a justice court or municipal court after a hearing pursuant to this section may be appealed to the superior court as provided in title 22, chapter 2, article 4,1 § 22-425, subsection B and the superior court rules of civil appellate procedure without regard to an amount in controversy. A fee may not be charged to either party for filing an appeal.

Q. A peace officer who makes an arrest pursuant to this section is not civilly or criminally liable for the arrest if the officer acts on probable cause and without malice. A peace officer is not civilly liable for noncompliance with subsection O of this section.

R. This section does not apply to preliminary injunctions issued pursuant to an action for dissolution of marriage or legal separation or for protective orders against domestic violence.

S. In addition to the persons who are authorized to serve process pursuant to rule 4(d), Arizona rules of civil procedure, a peace officer or a correctional officer as defined in § 41-1661 who is acting in the officer’s official capacity may serve an injunction against harassment that is issued pursuant to this section.

T. For the purposes of this section, “harassment”:

1. Means either of the following:

(a) A series of acts over any period of time that is directed at a specific person and that would cause a reasonable person to be seriously alarmed, annoyed or harassed and the conduct in fact seriously alarms, annoys or harasses the person and serves no legitimate purpose.

(b) One or more acts of sexual violence as defined in § 23-371.

2. Includes unlawful picketing, trespassory assembly, unlawful mass assembly, concerted interference with lawful exercise of business activity and engaging in a secondary boycott as defined in § 23-1321 and defamation in violation of § 23-1325.

§ 12-1810. Injunction against workplace harassment; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. An employer or an authorized agent of an employer may file a written verified petition with a magistrate, justice of the peace or superior court judge for an injunction prohibiting workplace harassment.

B. The court shall not grant an injunction against workplace harassment against either:

1. A person who is under twelve years of age unless the injunction is granted by the juvenile division of the superior court.

2. More than one defendant.

C. The petition shall state all of the following:

1. The name of the employer.

2. The name and address, if known, of the defendant.

3. A specific statement showing the events and dates of the acts that constitute harassment toward the employer or any person who enters the employer’s property or who is performing official work duties.

D. The filing fee for a petition that is filed pursuant to this section is established pursuant to §§ 12-284, 22-281 and 22-404.

E. The court shall review the petition and any evidence offered by the employer to determine whether to issue the injunction without further hearing. Rules 65(a)(1) and 65(e) of the Arizona rules of civil procedure do not apply to injunctions requested pursuant to this section. If the court finds reasonable evidence of workplace harassment by the defendant or that good cause exists to believe that great or irreparable harm would result to the employer or any other person who enters the employer’s property or who is performing official work duties or if the injunction is not granted before the defendant or the defendant’s attorney can be heard in opposition and the court finds specific facts that attest to the employer’s efforts to give notice to the defendant or reasons supporting the employer’s claim that notice should not be given, the court shall issue an injunction pursuant to subsection F of this section. If the court denies the requested relief, the court may schedule a further hearing within ten days with reasonable notice to the defendant.

F. If the court grants an injunction against workplace harassment, the court may do any of the following:

1. Restrain the defendant from coming near the employer’s property or place of business and restrain the defendant from contacting the employer or other person while that person is on or at the employer’s property or place of business or is performing official work duties.

2. Grant any other relief necessary for the protection of the employer, the workplace, the employer’s employees or any other person who is on or at the employer’s property or place of business or who is performing official work duties.

G. If the court issues an ex parte injunction pursuant to this section, the injunction shall state on its face that the defendant is entitled to a hearing on written request and shall include the name and address of the judicial office in which the request may be filed. At any time during the period that the injunction is in effect, the defendant may request a hearing. The court shall hold the hearing within ten days after the date of the written request unless the court finds compelling reasons to continue the hearing. The hearing shall be held at the earliest possible time. After the hearing, the court may modify, quash or continue the injunction.

H. An injunction against workplace harassment that is issued pursuant to this section shall include the following statement:

Warning

This is an official court order. If you disobey this order, you may be arrested and prosecuted for the crime of interfering with judicial proceedings and any other crime you may have committed in disobeying this order.

I. An injunction that is not served on the defendant within one year after the date that the injunction is issued expires. The injunction is effective on the defendant on service of a copy of the injunction and petition and expires one year after service on the defendant. A modified injunction is effective on service and expires one year after service of the initial injunction and petition.

J. A supplemental information form that is used solely for the purposes of service of process on the defendant and that contains information provided by the plaintiff is confidential.

K. Each affidavit, declaration, acceptance or return of service shall be filed as soon as practicable but not later than seventy-two hours, excluding weekends and holidays, with the clerk of the issuing court or as otherwise required by court rule. The filing shall be completed in person, electronically or by fax.

L. The supreme court shall maintain a central repository for injunctions. Within twenty-four hours after the affidavit, declaration, acceptance or return of service has been filed, excluding weekends and holidays, the court that issued the injunction shall enter the order and proof of service into the supreme court’s central repository for injunctions. The supreme court shall register a copy of the injunction and a copy of the affidavit of service of process or acceptance of service with the national crime information center. The effectiveness of an injunction does not depend on the injunction’s registration, and for enforcement purposes pursuant to § 13-2810, a copy of an injunction, whether or not registered, is presumed to be a valid existing order of the court for one year after the date on which the defendant was served. Any changes or modifications to the injunction are effective on entry by the court and shall be registered with the clerk of the issuing court, or as otherwise required by court rule, within twenty-four hours after the entry, excluding weekends and holidays.

M. This section does not:

1. Expand, diminish, alter or modify the duty of an employer to provide a safe workplace for its employees and other persons.

2. Permit a court to issue a temporary restraining order or injunction that prohibits speech or other activities that are constitutionally protected or otherwise protected by law, including actions involving organized labor disputes that do not involve unlawful picketing, trespassory assembly, unlawful mass assembly, concerted interference with lawful exercise of business activity and engaging in a secondary boycott as defined in § 23-1321, defamation in violation of § 23-1325 or any actual or threatened misrepresentation, fraud, duress, violence or breach of the peace.

3. Preclude either party from being represented by private counsel or appearing on the party’s own behalf.

N. When the employer has knowledge that a specific person or persons are the target of harassment as defined by this section, the employer shall make a good faith effort to provide notice to the person or persons that the employer intends to petition the court for an injunction against workplace harassment.

O. Whether or not a violation occurs in the presence of a peace officer, a peace officer, with or without a warrant, may arrest a person if the peace officer has probable cause to believe that the person has violated § 13-2810 by disobeying or resisting an injunction that was issued pursuant to this section. The release provisions under § 13-3903 do not apply to an arrest made pursuant to this subsection. A person who is arrested pursuant to this subsection may be released from custody pursuant to the Arizona rules of criminal procedure or any applicable statute. The court shall include in an order for release any pretrial release conditions that the court deems appropriate.

P. The remedies under this section for the enforcement of protection orders are in addition to any other civil and criminal remedies that are available. The municipal court and the justice court may hear and decide all matters arising pursuant to this section. On notice to the affected party and after a hearing, the court may enter an order that requires any party to pay the costs of the action, including reasonable attorney fees. A party may appeal an order entered by a justice court or municipal court pursuant to § 22-261 or 22-425 and the superior court rules of civil appellate procedure without regard to an amount in controversy.

Q. A peace officer who makes an arrest pursuant to this section is immune from civil or criminal liability if the officer acts on probable cause.

R. An employer is immune from civil liability for seeking or failing to seek an injunction under this section unless the employer is seeking an injunction primarily to accomplish a purpose for which the injunction was not designed. Any action or statement by an employer under this section shall not be deemed an admission by the employer of any fact. An action or statement by an employer under this section may be used for impeachment purposes.

S. In addition to the persons who are authorized to serve process pursuant to rule 4(d), Arizona rules of civil procedure, a peace officer may serve an injunction against workplace harassment pursuant to this section.

T. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Employer” means an individual, partnership, association or corporation or a person or group of persons who act, directly or indirectly, on behalf of or in the interest of an employer and with the consent of the employer. Employer includes this state, a political subdivision of this state and any school district or other special district.

2. “Harassment” means a single threat or act of physical harm or damage or a series of acts over any period of time that would cause a reasonable person to be seriously alarmed or annoyed and includes unlawful picketing, trespassory assembly, unlawful mass assembly, concerted interference with lawful exercise of business activity and engaging in a secondary boycott as defined in § 23-1321 and defamation in violation of § 23-1325.

Title 13. Criminal Code

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 1. General Provisions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-105. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In this title, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Absconder” means a probationer who has moved from the probationer’s primary residence without permission of the probation officer, who cannot be located within ninety days of the previous contact and against whom a petition to revoke has been filed in the superior court alleging that the probationer’s whereabouts are unknown. A probationer is no longer deemed an absconder when the probationer is voluntarily or involuntarily returned to probation service.

2. “Act” means a bodily movement.

3. “Benefit” means anything of value or advantage, present or prospective.

4. “Calendar year” means three hundred sixty-five days’ actual time served without release, suspension or commutation of sentence, probation, pardon or parole, work furlough or release from confinement on any other basis.

5. “Community supervision” means that portion of a felony sentence that is imposed by the court pursuant to § 13-603, subsection I and that is served in the community after completing a period of imprisonment or served in prison in accordance with § 41-1604.07.

6. “Conduct” means an act or omission and its accompanying culpable mental state.

7. “Crime” means a misdemeanor or a felony.

8. “Criminal street gang” means an ongoing formal or informal association of persons in which members or associates individually or collectively engage in the commission, attempted commission, facilitation or solicitation of any felony act and that has at least one individual who is a criminal street gang member.

9. “Criminal street gang member” means an individual to whom at least two of the following seven criteria that indicate criminal street gang membership apply:

(a) Self-proclamation.

(b) Witness testimony or official statement.

(c) Written or electronic correspondence.

(d) Paraphernalia or photographs.

(e) Tattoos.

(f) Clothing or colors.

(g) Any other indicia of street gang membership.

10. “Culpable mental state” means intentionally, knowingly, recklessly or with criminal negligence as those terms are defined in this paragraph:

(a) “Intentionally” or “with the intent to” means, with respect to a result or to conduct described by a statute defining an offense, that a person’s objective is to cause that result or to engage in that conduct.

(b) “Knowingly” means, with respect to conduct or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense, that a person is aware or believes that the person’s conduct is of that nature or that the circumstance exists. It does not require any knowledge of the unlawfulness of the act or omission.

(c) “Recklessly” means, with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense, that a person is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the result will occur or that the circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregard of such risk constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation. A person who creates such a risk but who is unaware of such risk solely by reason of voluntary intoxication also acts recklessly with respect to such risk.

(d) “Criminal negligence” means, with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense, that a person fails to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the result will occur or that the circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe in the situation.

11. “Dangerous drug” means dangerous drug as defined in § 13-3401.

12. “Dangerous instrument” means anything that under the circumstances in which it is used, attempted to be used or threatened to be used is readily capable of causing death or serious physical injury.

13. “Dangerous offense” means an offense involving the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument or the intentional or knowing infliction of serious physical injury on another person.

14. “Deadly physical force” means force that is used with the purpose of causing death or serious physical injury or in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of creating a substantial risk of causing death or serious physical injury.

15. “Deadly weapon” means anything designed for lethal use, including a firearm.

16. “Economic loss” means any loss incurred by a person as a result of the commission of an offense. Economic loss includes lost interest, lost earnings and other losses that would not have been incurred but for the offense. Economic loss does not include losses incurred by the convicted person, damages for pain and suffering, punitive damages or consequential damages.

17. “Enterprise” includes any corporation, association, labor union or other legal entity.

18. “Felony” means an offense for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in the custody of the state department of corrections is authorized by any law of this state.

19. “Firearm” means any loaded or unloaded handgun, pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun or other weapon that will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of expanding gases, except that it does not include a firearm in permanently inoperable condition.

20. “Government” means the state, any political subdivision of the state or any department, agency, board, commission, institution or governmental instrumentality of or within the state or political subdivision.

21. “Governmental function” means any activity that a public servant is legally authorized to undertake on behalf of a government.

22. “Historical prior felony conviction” means:

(a) Any prior felony conviction for which the offense of conviction either:

(i) Mandated a term of imprisonment except for a violation of chapter 34 of this title involving a drug below the threshold amount.

(ii) Involved a dangerous offense.

(iii) Involved the illegal control of a criminal enterprise.

(iv) Involved aggravated driving or actual physical control while under the influence. This item applies only if the offense for which the historical prior felony conviction is being alleged is a violation of § 28-1383.

(v) Involved any dangerous crime against children as defined in § 13-705.

(b) Any class 2 or 3 felony, except the offenses listed in subdivision (a) of this paragraph, that was committed within the ten years immediately preceding the date of the present offense. Any time spent on absconder status while on probation, on escape status or incarcerated is excluded in calculating if the offense was committed within the preceding ten years. If a court determines a person was not on absconder status while on probation or escape status, that time is not excluded. For the purposes of this subdivision, “escape” means:

(i) A departure from custody or from a juvenile secure care facility, a juvenile detention facility or an adult correctional facility in which the person is held or detained, with knowledge that the departure is not allowed, or the failure to return to custody or detention following a temporary leave granted for a specific purpose or for a limited period.

(ii) A failure to report as ordered to custody or detention to begin serving a term of incarceration.

(c) Any class 4, 5 or 6 felony, except the offenses listed in subdivision (a), item (i), (ii), (iii) or (v) of this paragraph, that was committed within the five years immediately preceding the date of the present offense. Any time spent on absconder status while on probation, on escape status or incarcerated is excluded in calculating if the offense was committed within the preceding five years. If a court determines a person was not on absconder status while on probation or escape status, that time is not excluded. For the purposes of this subdivision, “escape” has the same meaning prescribed in subdivision (b) of this paragraph.

(d) Any felony conviction that is a third or more prior felony conviction. For the purposes of this subdivision, “prior felony conviction” includes any offense committed outside the jurisdiction of this state that was punishable by that jurisdiction as a felony.

(e) Any offense committed outside the jurisdiction of this state that was punishable by that jurisdiction as a felony and that was committed within the five years immediately preceding the date of the present offense. Any time spent on absconder status while on probation, on escape status or incarcerated is excluded in calculating if the offense was committed within the preceding five years. If a court determines a person was not on absconder status while on probation or escape status, that time is not excluded. For the purposes of this subdivision, “escape” has the same meaning prescribed in subdivision (b) of this paragraph.

(f) Any offense committed outside the jurisdiction of this state that involved the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument or the intentional or knowing infliction of death or serious physical injury and that was punishable by that jurisdiction as a felony. A person who has been convicted of a felony weapons possession violation in any court outside the jurisdiction of this state that would not be punishable as a felony under the laws of this state is not subject to this paragraph.

23. “Human smuggling organization” means an ongoing formal or informal association of persons in which members or associates individually or collectively engage in the smuggling of human beings.

24. “Intoxication” means any mental or physical incapacity resulting from use of drugs, toxic vapors or intoxicating liquors.

25. “Misdemeanor” means an offense for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment other than to the custody of the state department of corrections is authorized by any law of this state.

26. “Narcotic drug” means narcotic drugs as defined in § 13-3401.

27. “Offense” or “public offense” means conduct for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment or of a fine is provided by any law of the state in which it occurred or by any law, regulation or ordinance of a political subdivision of that state and, if the act occurred in a state other than this state, it would be so punishable under the laws, regulations or ordinances of this state or of a political subdivision of this state if the act had occurred in this state.

28. “Omission” means the failure to perform an act as to which a duty of performance is imposed by law.

29. “Peace officer” means any person vested by law with a duty to maintain public order and make arrests and includes a constable.

30. “Person” means a human being and, as the context requires, an enterprise, a public or private corporation, an unincorporated association, a partnership, a firm, a society, a government, a governmental authority or an individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property.

31. “Petty offense” means an offense for which a sentence of a fine only is authorized by law.

32. “Physical force” means force used upon or directed toward the body of another person and includes confinement, but does not include deadly physical force.

33. “Physical injury” means the impairment of physical condition.

34. “Possess” means knowingly to have physical possession or otherwise to exercise dominion or control over property.

35. “Possession” means a voluntary act if the defendant knowingly exercised dominion or control over property.

36. “Preconviction custody” means the confinement of a person in a jail in this state or another state after the person is arrested for or charged with a felony offense.

37. “Property” means anything of value, tangible or intangible.

38. “Public servant”:

(a) Means any officer or employee of any branch of government, whether elected, appointed or otherwise employed, including a peace officer, and any person participating as an advisor or consultant or otherwise in performing a governmental function.

(b) Does not include jurors or witnesses.

(c) Includes those who have been elected, appointed, employed or designated to become a public servant although not yet occupying that position.

39. “Serious physical injury” includes physical injury that creates a reasonable risk of death, or that causes serious and permanent disfigurement, serious impairment of health or loss or protracted impairment of the function of any bodily organ or limb.

40. “Unlawful” means contrary to law or, where the context so requires, not allowed by law.

41. “Vehicle” means a device in, upon or by which any person or property is, may be or could have been transported or drawn upon a highway, waterway or airway, excepting devices moved by human power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks.

42. “Voluntary act” means a bodily movement performed consciously and as a result of effort and determination.

43. “Voluntary intoxication” means intoxication caused by the knowing use of drugs, toxic vapors or intoxicating liquors by a person, the tendency of which to cause intoxication the person knows or ought to know, unless the person introduces them pursuant to medical advice or under such duress as would afford a defense to an offense.

Chapter 7. Sentencing and Imprisonment

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-705 Dangerous crimes against children; sentences; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person who is at least eighteen years of age and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree involving commercial sexual exploitation of a minor or child sex trafficking and the person has previously been convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree shall be sentenced to imprisonment in the custody of the state department of corrections for natural life. A person who is sentenced to natural life is not eligible for commutation, parole, work furlough, work release or release from confinement on any basis for the remainder of the person’s natural life.

B. A person who is at least eighteen years of age and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree involving sexual assault of a minor who is twelve years of age or younger or sexual conduct with a minor who is twelve years of age or younger shall be sentenced to life imprisonment and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the person has served thirty-five years or the sentence is commuted. This subsection does not apply to masturbatory contact.

C. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree involving attempted first degree murder of a minor who is under twelve years of age, sexual assault of a minor who is under twelve years of age, sexual conduct with a minor who is under twelve years of age or manufacturing methamphetamine under circumstances that cause physical injury to a minor who is under twelve years of age may be sentenced to life imprisonment and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the person has served thirty-five years or the sentence is commuted. If a life sentence is not imposed pursuant to this subsection, the person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

13 years

20 years

27 years

D. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree involving second degree murder of a minor who is under fifteen years of age may be sentenced to life imprisonment and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the person has served thirty-five years or the sentence is commuted. If a life sentence is not imposed pursuant to this subsection, the person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

25 years

30 years

35 years

E. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree involving attempted first degree murder of a minor who is twelve, thirteen or fourteen years of age, sexual assault of a minor who is twelve, thirteen or fourteen years of age, taking a child for the purpose of prostitution, child sex trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation of a minor, sexual conduct with a minor who is twelve, thirteen or fourteen years of age or manufacturing methamphetamine under circumstances that cause physical injury to a minor who is twelve, thirteen or fourteen years of age or involving or using minors in drug offenses shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

13 years

20 years

27 years

A person who has been previously convicted of one predicate felony shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

23 years

30 years

37 years

F. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree involving aggravated assault, unlawful mutilation, molestation of a child, sexual exploitation of a minor, aggravated luring a minor for sexual exploitation, child abuse or kidnapping shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

10 years

17 years

24 years

A person who has been previously convicted of one predicate felony shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

21 years

28 years

35 years

G. Except as otherwise provided in this section, if a person is at least eighteen years of age or has been tried as an adult and is convicted of a dangerous crime against children involving luring a minor for sexual exploitation, sexual extortion or unlawful age misrepresentation and is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, the term of imprisonment is as follows and the person is not eligible for release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or is commuted, except that if the person is convicted of unlawful age misrepresentation the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

5 years

10 years

15 years

A person who has been previously convicted of one predicate felony shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows and the person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or is commuted, except that if the person is convicted of unlawful age misrepresentation the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

8 years

15 years

22 years

H. Except as otherwise provided in this section, if a person is at least eighteen years of age or has been tried as an adult and is convicted of a dangerous crime against children involving sexual abuse or bestiality under § 13-1411, subsection A, paragraph 2 and is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, the term of imprisonment is as follows and the person is not eligible for release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served, the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07 or the sentence is commuted:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

2.5 years

5 years

7.5 years

A person who has been previously convicted of one predicate felony shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows and the person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served, the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07 or the sentence is commuted:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

8 years

15 years

22 years

I. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the first degree involving continuous sexual abuse of a child shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

39 years

60 years

81 years

A person who has been previously convicted of one predicate felony shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

69 years

90 years

111 years

J. The presumptive sentences prescribed in subsections C, D, E and F and I of this section or subsections G and H of this section if the person has previously been convicted of a predicate felony may be increased or decreased pursuant to § 13-701, subsections C, D and E.

K. Except as provided in subsections G, H, M and N of this section, a person who is sentenced for a dangerous crime against children in the first degree pursuant to this section is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or commuted.

L. A person who is convicted of any dangerous crime against children in the first degree pursuant to subsection C, D, E or F or I of this section and who has been previously convicted of two or more predicate felonies shall be sentenced to life imprisonment and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the person has served not fewer than thirty-five years or the sentence is commuted.

M. Notwithstanding chapter 10 of this title, a person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who is convicted of a dangerous crime against children in the second degree pursuant to subsection B, C, E or F or I of this section is guilty of a class 3 felony and if the person is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, the term of imprisonment is as follows and the person is not eligible for release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the person has served the sentence imposed by the court, the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07 or the sentence is commuted:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

5 years

10 years

15 years

N. A person who is convicted of any dangerous crime against children in the second degree and who has been previously convicted of one or more predicate felonies is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served, the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07 or the sentence is commuted.

O. Section 13-704, subsection J and § 13-707, subsection B apply to the determination of prior convictions.

P. The sentence imposed on a person by the court for a dangerous crime against children under subsection H of this section involving sexual abuse may be served concurrently with other sentences if the offense involved only one victim. The sentence imposed on a person for any other dangerous crime against children in the first or second degree shall be consecutive to any other sentence imposed on the person at any time, including sexual abuse of the same victim.

Q. In this section, for purposes of punishment an unborn child shall be treated like a minor who is under twelve years of age.

R. A dangerous crime against children is in the first degree if it is a completed offense and is in the second degree if it is a preparatory offense, except attempted first degree murder is a dangerous crime against children in the first degree.

S. It is not a defense to a dangerous crime against children that the minor is a person posing as a minor or is otherwise fictitious if the defendant knew or had reason to know the purported minor was under fifteen years of age.

T. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Dangerous crime against children” means any of the following that is committed against a minor who is under fifteen years of age:

(a) Second degree murder.

(b) Aggravated assault resulting in serious physical injury or involving the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.

(c) Sexual assault.

(d) Molestation of a child.

(e) Sexual conduct with a minor.

(f) Commercial sexual exploitation of a minor.

(g) Sexual exploitation of a minor.

(h) Child abuse as prescribed in § 13-3623, subsection A, paragraph 1.

(i) Kidnapping.

(j) Sexual abuse.

(k) Taking a child for the purpose of prostitution as prescribed in § 13-3206.

(l) Child sex trafficking as prescribed in § 13-3212.

(m) Involving or using minors in drug offenses.

(n) Continuous sexual abuse of a child.

(o) Attempted first degree murder.

(p) Sex trafficking.

(q) Manufacturing methamphetamine under circumstances that cause physical injury to a minor.

(r) Bestiality as prescribed in § 13-1411, subsection A, paragraph 2.

(s) Luring a minor for sexual exploitation.

(t) Aggravated luring a minor for sexual exploitation.

(u) Unlawful age misrepresentation.

(v) Unlawful mutilation.

(w) Sexual extortion as prescribed in § 13-1428.

2. “Predicate felony” means any felony involving child abuse pursuant to § 13-3623, subsection A, paragraph 1, a sexual offense, conduct involving the intentional or knowing infliction of serious physical injury or the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument, or a dangerous crime against children in the first or second degree.

§ 13-706. Serious, violent or aggravated offenders; sentencing; life imprisonment; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who is convicted of a serious offense except a drug offense, first degree murder or any dangerous crime against children as defined in § 13-705, whether a completed or preparatory offense, and who has previously been convicted of two or more serious offenses not committed on the same occasion shall be sentenced to life imprisonment and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis, except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B, until the person has served at least twenty-five years or the sentence is commuted.

B. Unless a longer term of imprisonment or death is the prescribed penalty and notwithstanding any provision that establishes a shorter term of imprisonment, a person who has been convicted of committing or attempting or conspiring to commit any violent or aggravated felony and who has previously been convicted on separate occasions of two or more violent or aggravated felonies not committed on the same occasion shall be sentenced to imprisonment for life and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release on any basis except that the person may be eligible for commutation after the person has served at least thirty-five years.

C. In order for the penalty under subsection B of this section to apply, both of the following must occur:

1. The aggravated or violent felonies that comprise the prior convictions shall have been entered within fifteen years of the conviction for the third offense, not including time spent in custody or on probation for an offense or while the person is an absconder.

2. The sentence for the first aggravated or violent felony conviction shall have been imposed before the conduct occurred that gave rise to the second conviction, and the sentence for the second aggravated or violent felony conviction shall have been imposed before the conduct occurred that gave rise to the third conviction.

D. Chapter 3 of this title applies to all offenses under this section.

E. For the purposes of this section, if a person has been convicted of an offense committed in another jurisdiction that if committed in this state would be a violation or attempted violation of any of the offenses listed in this section and that has the same elements of an offense listed in this section, the offense committed in another jurisdiction is considered an offense committed in this state.

F. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Serious offense” means any of the following offenses if committed in this state or any offense committed outside this state that if committed in this state would constitute one of the following offenses:

(a) First degree murder.

(b) Second degree murder.

(c) Manslaughter.

(d) Aggravated assault resulting in serious physical injury or involving the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.

(e) Sexual assault.

(f) Any dangerous crime against children.

(g) Arson of an occupied structure.

(h) Armed robbery.

(i) Burglary in the first degree.

(j) Kidnapping.

(k) Sexual conduct with a minor under fifteen years of age.

(l) Child sex trafficking.

2. “Violent or aggravated felony” means any of the following offenses:

(a) First degree murder.

(b) Second degree murder.

(c) Aggravated assault resulting in serious physical injury or involving the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.

(d) Dangerous or deadly assault by prisoner.

(e) Committing assault with intent to incite to riot or participate in riot.

(f) Drive by shooting.

(g) Discharging a firearm at a residential structure if the structure is occupied.

(h) Kidnapping.

(i) Sexual conduct with a minor that is a class 2 felony.

(j) Sexual assault.

(k) Molestation of a child.

(l) Continuous sexual abuse of a child.

(m) Violent sexual assault.

(n) Burglary in the first degree committed in a residential structure if the structure is occupied.

(o) Arson of an occupied structure.

(p) Arson of an occupied jail or prison facility.

(q) Armed robbery.

(r) Participating in or assisting a criminal syndicate or leading or participating in a criminal street gang.

(s) Terrorism.

(t) Taking a child for the purpose of prostitution.

(u) Child sex trafficking.

(v) Commercial sexual exploitation of a minor.

(w) Sexual exploitation of a minor.(x) Unlawful introduction of disease or parasite as prescribed by § 13-2912, subsection A, paragraph 2 or 3.

§ 13-707. Misdemeanors; sentencing

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A sentence of imprisonment for a misdemeanor shall be for a definite term to be served other than a place within custody of the state department of corrections. The court shall fix the term of imprisonment within the following maximum limitations:

1. For a class 1 misdemeanor, six months.

2. For a class 2 misdemeanor, four months.

3. For a class 3 misdemeanor, thirty days.

B. A person who is at least eighteen years of age or who has been tried as an adult and who stands convicted of any misdemeanor or petty offense, other than a traffic offense, and who has been convicted of one or more of the same misdemeanors or petty offenses within two years next preceding the date of the present offense shall be sentenced for the next higher class of offense than that for which the person currently is convicted. Time spent incarcerated within the two years next preceding the date of the offense for which a person is currently being sentenced shall not be included in the two years required to be free of convictions.

C. If a person is convicted of a misdemeanor offense and the offense requires enhanced punishment because it is a second or subsequent offense, the court shall determine the existence of the previous conviction. The court shall allow the allegation of a prior conviction to be made in the same manner as the allegation prescribed by § 28-1387, subsection A.

D. A person who has been convicted in any court outside the jurisdiction of this state of an offense that if committed in this state would be punishable as a misdemeanor or petty offense is subject to this section. A person who has been convicted as an adult of an offense punishable as a misdemeanor or petty offense under the provisions of any prior code in this state is subject to this section.

E. The court may direct that a person who is sentenced pursuant to subsection A of this section shall not be released on any basis until the sentence imposed by the court has been served.

Chapter 8. Restitutions and Fines

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-802. Fines for Disdemeanors

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A sentence to pay a fine for a class 1 misdemeanor shall be a sentence to pay an amount, fixed by the court, not more than two thousand five hundred dollars.

B. A sentence to pay a fine for a class 2 misdemeanor shall be a sentence to pay an amount, fixed by the court, not more than seven hundred fifty dollars.

C. A sentence to pay a fine for a class 3 misdemeanor shall be a sentence to pay an amount, fixed by the court, not more than five hundred dollars.

D. A sentence to pay a fine for a petty offense shall be a sentence to pay an amount, fixed by the court, of not more than three hundred dollars.

E. A judgment that the defendant shall pay a fine, with or without the alternative of imprisonment, shall constitute a lien in like manner as a judgment for money rendered in a civil action.

F. This section does not apply to an enterprise.

Chapter 18. Theft

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1802. Theft; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits theft if, without lawful authority, the person knowingly:

1. Controls property of another with the intent to deprive the other person of such property; or

2. Converts for an unauthorized term or use services or property of another entrusted to the defendant or placed in the defendant’s possession for a limited, authorized term or use; or

3. Obtains services or property of another by means of any material misrepresentation with intent to deprive the other person of such property or services; or

4. Comes into control of lost, mislaid or misdelivered property of another under circumstances providing means of inquiry as to the true owner and appropriates such property to the person’s own or another’s use without reasonable efforts to notify the true owner; or

5. Controls property of another knowing or having reason to know that the property was stolen; or

6. Obtains services known to the defendant to be available only for compensation without paying or an agreement to pay the compensation or diverts another’s services to the person’s own or another’s benefit without authority to do so; or

7. Controls the ferrous metal or nonferrous metal of another with the intent to deprive the other person of the metal; or

8. Controls the ferrous metal or nonferrous metal of another knowing or having reason to know that the metal was stolen; or

9. Purchases within the scope of the ordinary course of business the ferrous metal or nonferrous metal of another person knowing that the metal was stolen.

B. A person commits theft if, without lawful authority, the person knowingly takes control, title, use or management of a vulnerable adult’s property while acting in a position of trust and confidence and with the intent to deprive the vulnerable adult of the property. Proof that a person took control, title, use or management of a vulnerable adult’s property without adequate consideration to the vulnerable adult may give rise to an inference that the person intended to deprive the vulnerable adult of the property.

C. It is an affirmative defense to any prosecution under subsection B of this section that either:

1. The property was given as a gift consistent with a pattern of gift giving to the person that existed before the adult became vulnerable.

2. The property was given as a gift consistent with a pattern of gift giving to a class of individuals that existed before the adult became vulnerable.

3. The superior court approved the transaction before the transaction occurred.

D. The inferences set forth in § 13-2305 apply to any prosecution under subsection A, paragraph 5 of this section.

E. At the conclusion of any grand jury proceeding, hearing or trial, the court shall preserve any trade secret that is admitted in evidence or any portion of a transcript that contains information relating to the trade secret pursuant to § 44-405.

F. Subsection B of this section does not apply to an agent who is acting within the scope of the agent’s duties as or on behalf of a health care institution that is licensed pursuant to title 36, chapter 41 and that provides services to the vulnerable adult.

G. Theft of property or services with a value of twenty-five thousand dollars or more is a class 2 felony. Theft of property or services with a value of four thousand dollars or more but less than twenty-five thousand dollars is a class 3 felony. Theft of property or services with a value of three thousand dollars or more but less than four thousand dollars is a class 4 felony, except that theft of any vehicle engine or transmission is a class 4 felony regardless of value. Theft of property or services with a value of two thousand dollars or more but less than three thousand dollars is a class 5 felony. Theft of property or services with a value of one thousand dollars or more but less than two thousand dollars is a class 6 felony. Theft of any property or services valued at less than one thousand dollars is a class 1 misdemeanor, unless the property is taken from the person of another, is a firearm or is an animal taken for the purpose of animal fighting in violation of § 13-2910.01, in which case the theft is a class 6 felony.

H. A person who is convicted of a violation of subsection A, paragraph 1 or 3 of this section that involved property with a value of one hundred thousand dollars or more is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except pursuant to § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served, the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07 or the sentence is commuted.

I. For the purposes of this section, the value of ferrous metal or nonferrous metal includes the amount of any damage to the property of another caused as a result of the theft of the metal.

J. In an action for theft of ferrous metal or nonferrous metal:

1. Unless satisfactorily explained or acquired in the ordinary course of business by an automotive recycler that is licensed pursuant to title 28, chapter 102 or by a scrap metal dealer as defined in § 44-1641, proof of possession of scrap metal that was recently stolen may give rise to an inference that the person in possession of the scrap metal was aware of the risk that it had been stolen or in some way participated in its theft.

2. Unless satisfactorily explained or sold in the ordinary course of business by an automotive recycler that is licensed pursuant to title 28, chapter 10 or by a scrap metal dealer as defined in § 44-1641, proof of the sale of stolen scrap metal at a price substantially below its fair market value may give rise to an inference that the person selling the scrap metal was aware of the risk that it had been stolen.

K. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Adequate consideration” means the property was given to the person as payment for bona fide goods or services provided by the person and the payment was at a rate that was customary for similar goods or services in the community that the vulnerable adult resided in at the time of the transaction.

2. “Ferrous metal” has the same meaning prescribed in § 44-1641.

3. “Pattern of gift giving” means two or more gifts that are the same or similar in type and monetary value.

4. “Position of trust and confidence” has the same meaning prescribed in § 46-456.

5. “Property” includes all forms of real property and personal property.

6. “Vulnerable adult” has the same meaning prescribed in § 46-451.

Chapter 11. Homicide

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1102. Negligent homicide; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024


A. A person commits negligent homicide if with criminal negligence the person causes the death of another person, including an unborn child.

B. An offense under this section applies to an unborn child in the womb at any stage of its development. A person may not be prosecuted under this section if any of the following applies:

1. The person was performing an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman, or a person authorized by law to act on the pregnant woman’s behalf, has been obtained or for which the consent was implied or authorized by law.

2. The person was performing medical treatment on the pregnant woman or the pregnant woman’s unborn child.

3. The person was the unborn child’s mother.

C. Negligent homicide is a class 4 felony.

§ 13-1103. Manslaughter; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits manslaughter by doing any of the following:

1. Recklessly causing the death of another person.

2. Committing second degree murder as prescribed in § 13-1104, subsection A on a sudden quarrel or heat of passion resulting from adequate provocation by the victim.

3. Intentionally providing the physical means that another person uses to die by suicide, with the knowledge that the person intends to die by suicide.

4. Committing second degree murder as prescribed in § 13-1104, subsection A, paragraph 3, while being coerced to do so by the use or threatened immediate use of unlawful deadly physical force on the person or a third person that a reasonable person in his situation would have been unable to resist.

5. Knowingly or recklessly causing the death of an unborn child by any physical injury to the mother.

B. A person who is at least eighteen years of age commits manslaughter by intentionally providing advice or encouragement that a minor uses to die by suicide with the knowledge that the minor intends to die by suicide.

C. An offense under subsection A, paragraph 5 of this section applies to an unborn child in the womb at any stage of its development. A person shall not be prosecuted under subsection A, paragraph 5 of this section if any of the following applies:

1. The person was performing an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman, or a person authorized by law to act on the pregnant woman’s behalf, has been obtained or for which the consent was implied or authorized by law.

2. The person was performing medical treatment on the pregnant woman or the pregnant woman’s unborn child.

3. The person was the unborn child’s mother.

D. Manslaughter is a class 2 felony.

§ 13-1104. Second degree murder; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits second degree murder if without premeditation:

1. The person intentionally causes the death of another person, including an unborn child or, as a result of intentionally causing the death of another person, causes the death of an unborn child; or

2. Knowing that the person’s conduct will cause death or serious physical injury, the person causes the death of another person, including an unborn child or, as a result of knowingly causing the death of another person, causes the death of an unborn child; or

3. Under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life, the person recklessly engages in conduct that creates a grave risk of death and thereby causes the death of another person, including an unborn child or, as a result of recklessly causing the death of another person, causes the death of an unborn child.

B. An offense under this section applies to an unborn child in the womb at any stage of its development. A person may not be prosecuted under this section if any of the following applies:

1. The person was performing an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman, or a person authorized by law to act on the pregnant woman’s behalf, has been obtained or for which the consent was implied or authorized by law.

2. The person was performing medical treatment on the pregnant woman or the pregnant woman’s unborn child.

3. The person was the unborn child’s mother.

C. Second degree murder is a class 1 felony and is punishable as provided by § 13-705 if the victim is under fifteen years of age or is an unborn child, § 13-706, subsection A or § 13-710.

§ 13-1105. First degree murder; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits first degree murder if:

1. Intending or knowing that the person’s conduct will cause death, the person causes the death of another person, including an unborn child, with premeditation or, as a result of causing the death of another person with premeditation, causes the death of an unborn child.

2. Acting either alone or with one or more other persons the person commits or attempts to commit sexual conduct with a minor under § 13-1405, sexual assault under § 13-1406, molestation of a child under § 13-1410, terrorism under § 13-2308.01, marijuana offenses under § 13-3405, subsection A, paragraph 4, dangerous drug offenses under § 13-3407, subsection A, paragraphs 4 and 7, narcotics offenses under § 13-3408, subsection A, paragraph 7 that equal or exceed the statutory threshold amount for each offense or combination of offenses, involving or using minors in drug offenses under § 13-3409, drive by shooting under § 13-1209, kidnapping under § 13-1304, burglary under § 13-1506, 13-1507 or 13-1508, arson under § 13-1703 or 13-1704, robbery under § 13-1902, 13-1903 or 13-1904, escape under § 13-2503 or 13-2504, child abuse under § 13-3623, subsection A, paragraph 1 or unlawful flight from a pursuing law enforcement vehicle under § 28-622.01 and, in the course of and in furtherance of the offense or immediate flight from the offense, the person or another person causes the death of any person.

3. Intending or knowing that the person’s conduct will cause death to a law enforcement officer, the person causes the death of a law enforcement officer who is in the line of duty.

B. Homicide, as prescribed in subsection A, paragraph 2 of this section, requires no specific mental state other than what is required for the commission of any of the enumerated felonies.

C. An offense under subsection A, paragraph 1 of this section applies to an unborn child in the womb at any stage of its development. A person shall not be prosecuted under subsection A, paragraph 1 of this section if any of the following applies:

1. The person was performing an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman, or a person authorized by law to act on the pregnant woman’s behalf, has been obtained or for which the consent was implied or authorized by law.

2. The person was performing medical treatment on the pregnant woman or the pregnant woman’s unborn child.

3. The person was the unborn child’s mother.

D. First degree murder is a class 1 felony and is punishable by death or life imprisonment as provided by §§ 13-751 and 13-752.

Chapter 12. Assault and Related Offenses

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1201. Endangerment; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits endangerment by recklessly endangering another person with a substantial risk of imminent death or physical injury. B. Endangerment involving a substantial risk of imminent death is a class 6 felony. In all other cases, it is a class 1 misdemeanor.

§ 13-1202. Threatening or intimidating; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits threatening or intimidating if the person threatens or intimidates by word or conduct:

1. To cause physical injury to another person or serious damage to the property of another; or

2. To cause, or in reckless disregard to causing, serious public inconvenience including, but not limited to, evacuation of a building, place of assembly or transportation facility; or

3. To cause physical injury to another person or damage to the property of another in order to promote, further or assist in the interests of or to cause, induce or solicit another person to participate in a criminal street gang, a criminal syndicate or a racketeering enterprise.

B. Threatening or intimidating pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2 is a class 1 misdemeanor, except that it is a class 6 felony if:

1. The offense is committed in retaliation for a victim’s either reporting criminal activity or being involved in an organization, other than a law enforcement agency, that is established for the purpose of reporting or preventing criminal activity.

2. The person is a criminal street gang member.

C. Threatening or intimidating pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 3 is a class 3 felony.

§ 13-1203. Assault; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits assault by:

1. Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causing any physical injury to another person; or

2. Intentionally placing another person in reasonable apprehension of imminent physical injury; or

3. Knowingly touching another person with the intent to injure, insult or provoke such person.

B. Assault committed intentionally or knowingly pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 is a class 1 misdemeanor. Assault committed recklessly pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 is a class 2 misdemeanor. Assault committed pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 2 or 3 is a class 3 misdemeanor.

§ 13-1204. Aggravated assault; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits aggravated assault if the person commits assault as prescribed by § 13-1203 under any of the following circumstances:

1. If the person causes serious physical injury to another.

2. If the person uses a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.

3. If the person commits the assault by any means of force that causes temporary but substantial disfigurement, temporary but substantial loss or impairment of any body organ or part or a fracture of any body part.

4. If the person commits the assault while the victim is bound or otherwise physically restrained or while the victim’s capacity to resist is substantially impaired.

5. If the person commits the assault after entering the private home of another with the intent to commit the assault.

6. If the person is eighteen years of age or older and commits the assault on a minor under fifteen years of age.

7. If the person commits assault as prescribed by § 13-1203, subsection A, paragraph 1 or 3 and the person is in violation of an order of protection issued against the person pursuant to § 13-3602 or 13-3624.

8. If the person commits the assault knowing or having reason to know that the victim is any of the following:

(a) A peace officer or a person summoned and directed by the officer.

(b) A constable or a person summoned and directed by the constable while engaged in the execution of any official duties or if the assault results from the execution of the constable’s official duties.

(c) A firefighter, fire investigator, fire inspector, emergency medical technician or paramedic engaged in the execution of any official duties or a person summoned and directed by such individual while engaged in the execution of any official duties or if the assault results from the execution of the official duties of the firefighter, fire investigator, fire inspector, emergency medical technician or paramedic.

(d) A teacher or other person employed by any school and the teacher or other employee is on the grounds of a school or grounds adjacent to the school or is in any part of a building or vehicle used for school purposes, any teacher or school nurse visiting a private home in the course of the teacher’s or nurse’s professional duties or any teacher engaged in any authorized and organized classroom activity held on other than school grounds.

(e) A health care worker while engaged in the health care worker’s work duties or a health care practitioner who is certified or licensed pursuant to title 32, chapter 13, 14, 15, 17 or 25,1 or a person summoned and directed by the licensed health care practitioner while engaged in the person’s professional duties. This subdivision does not apply if the person who commits the assault does not have the ability to form the culpable mental state because of a mental disability, developmental disability or cognitive disability or because the person is seriously mentally ill, as defined in § 36-550.

(f) A prosecutor while engaged in the execution of any official duties or if the assault results from the execution of the prosecutor’s official duties.

(g) A code enforcement officer as defined in § 39-123 while engaged in the execution of any official duties or if the assault results from the execution of the code enforcement officer’s official duties.

(h) A state or municipal park ranger while engaged in the execution of any official duties or if the assault results from the execution of the park ranger’s official duties.

(i) A public defender while engaged in the execution of any official duties or if the assault results from the execution of the public defender’s official duties.

(j) A judicial officer while engaged in the execution of any official duties or if the assault results from the execution of the judicial officer’s official duties.

(k) An employee of a law enforcement agency, other than a peace officer, while engaged in the execution of any official duties.

(l) A public transit employee who performs duties on and off a vehicle while engaged in transferring members of the community to and from destinations in a bus, van or shuttle.

(m) An airport employee who interacts with the public while engaged in the airport employee’s work duties.

(n) A railway worker while engaged in operating a train, light rail or passenger rail or performing track maintenance.

9. If the person knowingly takes or attempts to exercise control over any of the following:

(a) A peace officer’s or other officer’s firearm and the person knows or has reason to know that the victim is a peace officer or other officer employed by one of the agencies listed in paragraph 10, subdivision (a), item (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) or (v) of this subsection.

(b) Any weapon other than a firearm that is being used by a peace officer or other officer or that the officer is attempting to use, and the person knows or has reason to know that the victim is a peace officer or other officer employed by one of the agencies listed in paragraph 10, subdivision (a), item (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) or (v) of this subsection.

(c) Any implement that is being used by a peace officer or other officer or that the officer is attempting to use, and the person knows or has reason to know that the victim is a peace officer or other officer employed by one of the agencies listed in paragraph 10, subdivision (a), item (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) or (v) of this subsection. For the purposes of this subdivision, “implement” means an object that is designed for or that is capable of restraining or injuring an individual. Implement does not include handcuffs.

10. If the person meets both of the following conditions:

(a) Is imprisoned or otherwise subject to the custody of any of the following:

(i) The state department of corrections.

(ii) The department of juvenile corrections.

(iii) A law enforcement agency.

(iv) A county or city jail or an adult or juvenile detention facility of a city or county.

(v) Any other entity that is contracting with the state department of corrections, the department of juvenile corrections, a law enforcement agency, another state, any private correctional facility, a county, a city or the federal bureau of prisons or other federal agency that has responsibility for sentenced or unsentenced prisoners.

(b) Commits an assault knowing or having reason to know that the victim is acting in an official capacity as an employee of any of the entities listed in subdivision (a) of this paragraph.

11. If the person uses a simulated deadly weapon.

B. A person commits aggravated assault if the person commits assault by either intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causing any physical injury to another person, intentionally placing another person in reasonable apprehension of imminent physical injury or knowingly touching another person with the intent to injure the person, and both of the following occur:

1. The person intentionally or knowingly impedes the normal breathing or circulation of blood of another person by applying pressure to the throat or neck or by obstructing the nose and mouth either manually or through the use of an instrument.

2. Any of the circumstances exists that are set forth in § 13-3601, subsection A, paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

C. A person who is convicted of intentionally or knowingly committing aggravated assault on a peace officer pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2 of this section shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than the presumptive sentence authorized under chapter 7 of this title and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, commutation or release on any basis until the sentence imposed is served.

D. If a person is convicted of committing aggravated assault on a peace officer pursuant to this section and the trier of fact determines that § 13-701, subsection D, paragraph 17 applies, the person shall be sentenced to two years more than would otherwise be imposed for the offense. The additional sentence imposed under this subsection is in addition to any enhanced punishment that may be applicable under this section or chapter 7 of this title.2 The person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, commutation or release from confinement on any basis, except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B, until the sentence imposed is served the person is eligible for release pursuant to § 41-1604.07 or the sentence is commuted.

E. It is not a defense to a prosecution for assaulting a peace officer or a mitigating circumstance that the peace officer was not on duty or engaged in the execution of any official duties.

F. Except pursuant to subsections G and H of this section, aggravated assault pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2, paragraph 9, subdivision (a) or paragraph 11 of this section is a class 3 felony except if the aggravated assault is a violation of subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2 of this section and the victim is under fifteen years of age it is a class 2 felony punishable pursuant to § 13-705. Aggravated assault pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 3 or subsection B of this section is a class 4 felony. Aggravated assault pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 9, subdivision (b) or paragraph 10 of this section is a class 5 felony. Aggravated assault pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 or paragraph 9, subdivision (c) of this section is a class 6 felony.

G. Aggravated assault pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2 of this section committed on a peace officer or an employee of a law enforcement agency is a class 2 felony. Aggravated assault pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 3 of this section committed on a peace officer or an employee of a law enforcement agency is a class 3 felony. Aggravated assault pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 8, subdivision (a) or (k) of this section committed on a peace officer or an employee of a law enforcement agency is a class 5 felony unless the assault results in any physical injury to the peace officer or employee, in which case it is a class 4 felony.

H. Aggravated assault pursuant to:

1. Subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2 of this section is a class 2 felony if committed on a prosecutor.

2. Subsection A, paragraph 3 of this section is a class 3 felony if committed on a prosecutor.

3. Subsection A, paragraph 8, subdivision (f) of this section is a class 5 felony if the assault results in physical injury to a prosecutor.

I. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Health care worker” means:

(a) A person who is employed by or contracted to work at a health care institution that is licensed pursuant to title 36.3

(b) A person who is employed or contracted to provide health care or related services in a fieldwork setting, including:

(i) Home health care, home-based hospice and home-based social work, unless the worker is employed or contracted by an individual who privately employs, in the individual’s residence, the worker to perform covered services for the individual or a family member of the individual.

(ii) Any emergency services and transport, including the services provided by firefighters and emergency responders.

2. “Judicial officer” means a justice of the supreme court, judge, justice of the peace or magistrate or a commissioner or hearing officer of a state, county or municipal court.

3. “Mental disability” means a disabling neurological condition, or brain injury, or involuntary impairment as a result of a medication that is administered by a health care provider or a medical procedure that is performed at a health care treatment site.

4. “Prosecutor” means a county attorney, a municipal prosecutor or the attorney general and includes an assistant or deputy county attorney, municipal prosecutor or attorney general.

Chapter 13. Kidnapping and Related Offenses

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1302. Custodial interference; child born out of wedlock; defenses; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits custodial interference if, knowing or having reason to know that the person has no legal right to do so, the person does one of the following:

1. Takes, entices or keeps from lawful custody any child, or any person who is incompetent, and who is entrusted by authority of law to the custody of another person or institution.

2. Before the entry of a court order determining custodial rights, takes, entices or withholds any child from the other parent denying that parent access to any child.

3. If the person is one of two persons who have joint legal custody of a child, takes, entices or withholds from physical custody the child from the other custodian.

4. At the expiration of access rights outside this state, intentionally fails or refuses to return or impedes the return of a child to the lawful custodian.

B. If a child is born out of wedlock, the mother is the legal custodian of the child for the purposes of this section until paternity is established and custody or access is determined by a court.

C. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 2 if both of the following apply:

1. The defendant has begun the process to obtain an order of protection or files a petition for custody within a reasonable period of time and the order of protection or petition states the defendant’s belief that the child was at risk if left with the other parent.

2. The defendant is the child’s parent and has the right of custody and the defendant either:

(a) Has a good faith and reasonable belief that the taking, enticing or withholding is necessary to protect the child from immediate danger.

(b) Is a victim of domestic violence by the other parent and has a good faith and reasonable belief that the child will be in immediate danger if the child is left with the other parent.

D. Subsection A, paragraphs 2 and 3 do not apply to a person who is the child’s parent if both of the following apply:

1. The person has filed an emergency petition regarding custodial rights with the superior court and has received a hearing date from the court.

2. The person has a good faith and reasonable belief that the child will be in immediate danger if the child is left with the other parent.

E. A violation of this section is:

1. A class 3 felony if committed by a person other than the parent or agent of the parent or custodian or agent of the custodian.

2. Notwithstanding paragraph 3 of this subsection, a class 4 felony if the child or incompetent person is taken, enticed or kept from lawful custody out of this state by the parent or agent of the parent or custodian or the agent of the custodian.

3. A class 6 felony if committed by a parent or agent of the parent or custodian or agent of the custodian.

4. A class 1 misdemeanor if the child or incompetent person is voluntarily returned without physical injury by the parent or defendant or the agent of the parent or defendant no later than forty-eight hours after the parent or defendant takes, entices or keeps from lawful custody the child or incompetent person.

§ 13-1303. Unlawful imprisonment; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits unlawful imprisonment by knowingly restraining another person.

B. In any prosecution for unlawful imprisonment, it is a defense that:

1. The restraint was accomplished by a peace officer or detention officer acting in good faith in the lawful performance of his duty; or

2. The defendant is a relative of the person restrained and the defendant’s sole intent is to assume lawful custody of that person and the restraint was accomplished without physical injury.

C. Unlawful imprisonment is a class 6 felony unless the victim is released voluntarily by the defendant without physical injury in a safe place before arrest in which case it is a class 1 misdemeanor.

D. For the purposes of this section, “detention officer” means a person other than an elected official who is employed by a county, city or town and who is responsible for the supervision, protection, care, custody or control of inmates in a county or municipal correctional institution. Detention officer does not include counselors or secretarial, clerical or professionally trained personnel.

§ 13-1304. Kidnapping; classification; consecutive sentence

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits kidnapping by knowingly restraining another person with the intent to:

1. Hold the victim for ransom, as a shield or hostage; or

2. Hold the victim for involuntary servitude; or

3. Inflict death, physical injury or a sexual offense on the victim, or to otherwise aid in the commission of a felony; or

4. Place the victim or a third person in reasonable apprehension of imminent physical injury to the victim or the third person; or

5. Interfere with the performance of a governmental or political function; or

6. Seize or exercise control over any airplane, train, bus, ship or other vehicle.

B. Kidnapping is a class 2 felony unless the victim is released voluntarily by the defendant without physical injury in a safe place before arrest and before accomplishing any of the further enumerated offenses in subsection A of this section in which case it is a class 4 felony. If the victim is released pursuant to an agreement with the state and without any physical injury, it is a class 3 felony. If the victim is under fifteen years of age kidnapping is a class 2 felony punishable pursuant to § 13-705. The sentence for kidnapping of a victim under fifteen years of age shall run consecutively to any other sentence imposed on the defendant and to any undischarged term of imprisonment of the defendant.

§ 13-1307. Sex trafficking; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. It is unlawful for a person to knowingly traffic another person who is eighteen years of age or older with either of the following:

1. The intent to cause the other person to engage in any prostitution or sexually explicit performance by deception, force or coercion.

2. The knowledge that the other person will engage in any prostitution or sexually explicit performance by deception, coercion or force.

B. A person who violates this section is guilty of a class 2 felony and the person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or commuted.

C. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Coercion” includes:

(a) Abusing or threatening to abuse the law or the legal system.

(b) Knowingly destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating, possessing or withholding another person’s actual or purported passport or other immigration document, government issued identification document, government record or personal property.

(c) Extortion.

(d) Causing or threatening to cause financial harm to any person.

(e) Facilitating or controlling another person’s access to a controlled substance.

2. “Force” includes causing or threatening to cause serious harm to another person or physically restraining or threatening to physically restrain another person.

3. “Sexually explicit performance” means a live or public act or show intended to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires or appeal to the prurient interest of patrons.4. “Traffic” means to entice, recruit, harbor, provide, transport or otherwise obtain another person.

Chapter 14. Sexual Offenses

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1402. Indecent exposure; exception; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits indecent exposure if he or she exposes his or her genitals or anus or she exposes the areola or nipple of her breast or breasts and another person is present, and the defendant is reckless about whether the other person, as a reasonable person, would be offended or alarmed by the act.

B. Indecent exposure does not include an act of breast-feeding by a mother.

C. Indecent exposure to a person who is fifteen or more years of age is a class 1 misdemeanor, except that it is a class 6 felony if the defendant has two or more prior convictions for a violation of this section or has one or more prior convictions for a violation of § 13-1406. Indecent exposure to a person who is under fifteen years of age is a class 6 felony.

D. A person who is convicted of a felony violation of this section and who has two or more historical prior felony convictions for a violation of this section or § 13-1403 involving indecent exposure or public sexual indecency to a minor who is under fifteen years of age is guilty of a class 3 felony and shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Mitigated

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

Aggravated

6 years

8 years

10 years

12 years

15 years

E. The presumptive term imposed pursuant to subsection D of this section may be mitigated or aggravated pursuant to § 13-701, subsections D and E.

§ 13-1403. Public sexual indecency; public sexual indecency to a minor; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits public sexual indecency by intentionally or knowingly engaging in any of the following acts, if another person is present, and the defendant is reckless about whether such other person, as a reasonable person, would be offended or alarmed by the act:

1. An act of sexual contact.

2. An act of oral sexual contact.

3. An act of sexual intercourse.

4. An act of bestiality.

B. A person commits public sexual indecency to a minor if the person intentionally or knowingly engages in any of the acts listed in subsection A of this section and such person is reckless about whether a minor who is under fifteen years of age is present.

C. Public sexual indecency is a class 1 misdemeanor. Public sexual indecency to a minor is a class 5 felony.

D. A person who is convicted of a felony violation of this section and who has two or more historical prior felony convictions for a violation of this section or § 13-1402 involving indecent exposure or public sexual indecency to a minor who is under fifteen years of age shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment as follows:

Mitigated

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

Aggravated

6 years

8 years

10 years

12 years

15 years

E. The presumptive term imposed pursuant to subsection D of this section may be mitigated or aggravated pursuant to § 13-701, subsections D and E.

§ 13-1404. Sexual abuse; classifications

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits sexual abuse by intentionally or knowingly engaging in sexual contact with any person who is fifteen or more years of age without consent of that person or with any person who is under fifteen years of age if the sexual contact involves only the female breast.

B. It is not a defense to a prosecution for a violation of this section that the other person consented if the other person was fifteen, sixteen or seventeen years of age and the defendant was in a position of trust.

C. Sexual abuse is a class 5 felony unless the victim is under fifteen years of age in which case sexual abuse is a class 3 felony punishable pursuant to § 13-705.

§ 13-1405. Sexual conduct with a minor; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits sexual conduct with a minor by intentionally or knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse or oral sexual contact with any person who is under eighteen years of age.

B. Sexual conduct with a minor who is twelve years of age or under and who suffers serious physical injury is a class 1 felony and is punishable by imprisonment in the custody of the state department of corrections for natural life as determined and in accordance with the procedures provided in § 13-752. A defendant who is sentenced to natural life is not eligible for commutation, parole, work furlough, work release or release from confinement on any basis. Sexual conduct with a minor who is under fifteen years of age is a class 2 felony and is punishable pursuant to § 13-705. Sexual conduct with a minor who is at least fifteen years of age is a class 6 felony. Sexual conduct with a minor who is at least fifteen years of age is a class 2 felony if the person is or was in a position of trust and the convicted person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed has been served or commuted.

§ 13-1406. Sexual assault; classification; increased punishment

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits sexual assault by intentionally or knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse or oral sexual contact with any person without consent of such person.

B. Sexual assault is a class 2 felony, and the person convicted shall be sentenced pursuant to this section and the person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or commuted. If the victim is under fifteen years of age, sexual assault is punishable pursuant to § 13-705. The presumptive term may be aggravated or mitigated within the range under this section pursuant to § 13-701, subsections C, D and E. If the sexual assault involved the intentional or knowing administration of flunitrazepam, gamma hydroxy butyrate or ketamine hydrochloride without the victim’s knowledge, the presumptive, minimum and maximum sentence for the offense shall be increased by three years. The additional sentence imposed pursuant to this subsection is in addition to any enhanced sentence that may be applicable. The term for a first offense is as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

5.25 years

7 years

14 years

The term for a defendant who has one historical prior felony conviction is as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

7 years

10.5 years

21 years

The term for a defendant who has two or more historical prior felony convictions is as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

14 years

15.75 years

28 years

C. The sentence imposed on a person for a sexual assault shall be consecutive to any other sexual assault sentence imposed on the person at any time.

D. Notwithstanding § 13-703, § 13-704, § 13-705, § 13-706, subsection A and § 13-708, subsection D, if the sexual assault involved the intentional or knowing infliction of serious physical injury, the person may be sentenced to life imprisonment and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until at least twenty-five years have been served or the sentence is commuted. If the person was at least eighteen years of age and the victim was twelve years of age or younger, the person shall be sentenced pursuant to § 13-705.

§ 13-1409. Unlawful sexual conduct; adult probation department employees; juvenile court employees; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. An adult probation department employee or juvenile court employee commits unlawful sexual conduct if the employee knowingly coerces the victim to engage in sexual contact, oral sexual contact or sexual intercourse by either:

1. Threatening to negatively influence the victim’s supervision or release status.

2. Offering to positively influence the victim’s supervision or release status.

B. Unlawful sexual conduct with a victim who is under fifteen years of age is a class 2 felony. Unlawful sexual conduct with a victim who is at least fifteen years of age and under eighteen years of age is a class 3 felony. All other unlawful sexual conduct is a class 5 felony.

C. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Adult probation department employee or juvenile court employee” means an employee of an adult probation department or the juvenile court who either:

(a) Through the course of employment, directly provides treatment, care, control or supervision to a victim.

(b) Provides presentence or predisposition reports directly to a court regarding the victim.

2. “Victim” means a person who is either of the following:

(a) Subject to conditions of release or supervision by a court.

(b) A minor who has been referred to the juvenile court.

§ 13-1410. Molestation of child; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits molestation of a child by intentionally or knowingly engaging in or causing a person to engage in sexual contact, except sexual contact with the female breast, with a child who is under fifteen years of age.

B. Molestation of a child is a class 2 felony that is punishable pursuant to § 13-705.

§ 13-1411. Bestiality; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits bestiality by knowingly doing any of the following:

1. Engaging in oral sexual contact, sexual contact or sexual intercourse with an animal.

2. Causing another person to engage in oral sexual contact, sexual contact or sexual intercourse with an animal.

3. Possessing, distributing, transporting, exhibiting, selling, purchasing or electronically transmitting any visual depiction in which a real person is actually engaging in oral sexual contact, sexual contact or sexual intercourse with a real animal.

B. In addition to any other penalty imposed for a violation of subsection A of this section, the court may order that the convicted person do any of the following:

1. Undergo a psychological assessment and participate in appropriate counseling at the convicted person’s own expense.

2. Reimburse an animal shelter as defined in § 11-1022 for any reasonable costs incurred for the care and maintenance of any animal that was taken to the animal shelter as a result of conduct proscribed by subsection A of this section.

C. This section does not apply to:

1. Accepted veterinary medical practices that are performed by a licensed veterinarian or veterinary technician.

2. Insemination of animals by the same species, bred for commercial purposes.

3. Accepted animal husbandry practices that provide necessary care for animals bred for commercial purposes.

D. Bestiality pursuant to:

1. Subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2 of this section is a class 6 felony, except that bestiality pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 2 of this section is a class 3 felony punishable pursuant to § 13-705 if the other person is a minor under fifteen years of age.

2. Subsection A, paragraph 3 of this section is a class 1 misdemeanor.

E. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Animal” means a nonhuman mammal, bird, reptile or amphibian, either dead or alive.

2. “Visual depiction”:

(a) Means a video or photograph on film or in a digital file format.

(b) Does not include a video or photograph that is generated using artificial intelligence.

§ 13-1412. Unlawful sexual conduct; peace officers; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A peace officer commits unlawful sexual conduct by knowingly engaging in sexual contact, oral sexual contact or sexual intercourse with any person who is in the officer’s custody or a person who the officer knows or has reason to know is the subject of an investigation.

B. Unlawful sexual conduct with a victim who is under fifteen years of age is a class 2 felony. Unlawful sexual conduct with a victim who is at least fifteen years of age but less than eighteen years of age is a class 3 felony. All other unlawful sexual conduct is a class 5 felony.

C. This section does not apply to either of the following:

1. Any direct or indirect touching or manipulating of the genitals, anus or female breast that occurs during a lawful search.

2. An officer who is married to or who is in a romantic or sexual relationship with the person at the time of the arrest or investigation. The following factors may be considered in determining whether the relationship between the victim and the defendant is currently a romantic or sexual relationship:

(a) The type of relationship.

(b) The length of the relationship.

(c) The frequency of the interaction between the victim and the defendant.

(d) If the relationship has terminated, the length of time since the termination.

D. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Custody” includes the imposition of actual or constructive restraint pursuant to an on-site arrest, a court order or any contact in which a reasonable person would not feel free to leave. Custody does not include detention in a correctional facility, a juvenile detention facility or a state hospital.

2. “Peace officer” has the same meaning prescribed in § 1-215 but does not include adult or juvenile corrections or detention officers.

§ 13-1417. Continuous sexual abuse of a child; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person who over a period of three months or more in duration engages in three or more acts in violation of § 13-1405, 13-1406 or 13-1410 with a child who is under fourteen years of age is guilty of continuous sexual abuse of a child.

B. Continuous sexual abuse of a child is a class 2 felony and is punishable pursuant to § 13-705.

C. To convict a person of continuous sexual abuse of a child, the trier of fact shall unanimously agree that the requisite number of acts occurred. The trier of fact does not need to agree on which acts constitute the requisite number.

D. Any other felony sexual offense involving the victim shall not be charged in the same proceeding with a charge under this section unless the other charged felony sexual offense occurred outside the time period charged under this section or the other felony sexual offense is charged in the alternative. A defendant may be charged with only one count under this section unless more than one victim is involved. If more than one victim is involved, a separate count may be charged for each victim.

§ 13-1418. Sexual misconduct; behavioral health professionals; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A behavioral health professional licensed pursuant to title 32, chapter 331 or a psychiatrist or psychologist licensed pursuant to title 32, chapter 13, 17 or 19.12 commits sexual misconduct by intentionally or knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse with a client who is currently under the care or supervision of the licensed behavioral health professional, psychiatrist or psychologist.

B. Sexual misconduct by a licensed behavioral health professional, psychiatrist or psychologist is a class 6 felony.

C. This section does not apply to any act of sexual conduct that occurs between a licensed behavioral health professional, psychiatrist or psychologist and a client after the client has completed a course of treatment or if the client is not under the care of the licensed behavioral health professional, psychiatrist or psychologist.

§ 13-1419. Unlawful sexual conduct; correctional facilities; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits unlawful sexual conduct by intentionally or knowingly engaging in any act of a sexual nature with an offender who is in the custody of the state department of corrections, the department of juvenile corrections, a private prison facility, a juvenile detention facility or a city or county jail or with an offender who is under the supervision of either department or a city or county. For the purposes of this subsection, “person” means a person who:

1. Is employed by the state department of corrections or the department of juvenile corrections.

2. Is employed by a private prison facility, a juvenile detention facility or a city or county jail.

3. Contracts to provide services with the state department of corrections, the department of juvenile corrections, a private prison facility, a juvenile detention facility or a city or county jail.

4. Is an official visitor, volunteer or agency representative of the state department of corrections, the department of juvenile corrections, a private prison facility, a juvenile detention facility or a city or county jail.

B. This section does not apply to a person who is employed by the state department of corrections, a private prison facility or a city or county jail or who contracts to provide services with the state department of corrections, a private prison facility or a city or county jail or an offender who is on release status if the person was lawfully married to the prisoner or offender on release status before the prisoner or offender was sentenced to the state department of corrections or was incarcerated in a city or county jail.

C. Unlawful sexual conduct with an offender who is under fifteen years of age is a class 2 felony. Unlawful sexual conduct with an offender who is between fifteen and seventeen years of age is a class 3 felony. All other unlawful sexual conduct is a class 5 felony.

D. For the purposes of this section, “any act of a sexual nature”:

1. Includes the following:

(a) Any completed, attempted, threatened or requested touching of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, pubic area or buttocks with the intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire.

(b) Any act of exposing the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, pubic area or buttocks with the intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire.

(c) Any act of photographing, videotaping, filming, digitally recording or otherwise viewing, with or without a device, a prisoner or offender with the intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire, either:

(i) While the prisoner or offender is in a state of undress or partial dress.

(ii) While the prisoner or offender is urinating or defecating.

2. Does not include an act done pursuant to a bona fide medical exam or lawful internal search.

§ 13-1423. Violent sexual assault; natural life sentence

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person is guilty of violent sexual assault if in the course of committing an offense under § 13-1404, 13-1405, 13-1406 or 13-1410 the offense involved the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument or involved the intentional or knowing infliction of serious physical injury and the person has a historical prior felony conviction for a sexual offense under this chapter or any offense committed outside this state that if committed in this state would constitute a sexual offense under this chapter.

B. Notwithstanding § 13-703, § 13-704, § 13-705, § 13-706, subsection A and § 13-708, subsection D, a person who is guilty of a violent sexual assault shall be sentenced to life imprisonment and the court shall order that the person not be released on any basis for the remainder of the person’s natural life.

§ 13-1424. Voyeurism; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. It is unlawful to knowingly invade the privacy of another person without the knowledge of the other person for the purpose of sexual stimulation.
B. It is unlawful for a person to disclose, display, distribute or publish a photograph, videotape, film or digital recording that is made in violation of subsection A of this section without the consent or knowledge of the person depicted.
C. For the purposes of this section, a person’s privacy is invaded if both of the following apply:
1. The person has a reasonable expectation that the person will not be photographed, videotaped, filmed, digitally recorded or otherwise viewed or recorded.
2. The person is photographed, videotaped, filmed, digitally recorded or otherwise viewed, with or without a device, either:
(a) While the person is in a state of undress or partial dress.
(b) While the person is engaged in sexual intercourse or sexual contact.
(c) While the person is urinating or defecating.
(d) In a manner that directly or indirectly captures or allows the viewing of the person’s genitalia, buttock or female breast, whether clothed or unclothed, that is not otherwise visible to the public.
D. This section does not apply to any of the following:
1. Photographing, videotaping, filming or digitally recording for security purposes if notice of the use of the photographing, videotaping, filming or digital recording equipment is clearly posted in the location and the location is one in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy.
2. Photographing, videotaping, filming or digitally recording by correctional officials for security reasons or in connection with the investigation of alleged misconduct of persons on the premises of a jail or prison.
3. Photographing, videotaping, filming or digitally recording by law enforcement officers pursuant to an investigation, which is otherwise lawful.
4. The use of a child monitoring device as defined in § 13-3001.
E. A violation of subsection A or B of this section is a class 5 felony, except that a violation of subsection B of this section is a class 4 felony if the person depicted is recognizable.

§ 13-1425. Unlawful disclosure of images depicting states of nudity or specific sexual activities; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. It is unlawful for a person to intentionally disclose an image of another person who is identifiable from the image itself or from information displayed in connection with the image if all of the following apply:

1. The person in the image is depicted in a state of nudity or is engaged in specific sexual activities.

2. The depicted person has a reasonable expectation of privacy. Evidence that a person has sent an image to another person using an electronic device does not, on its own, remove the person’s reasonable expectation of privacy for that image.

3. The image is disclosed with the intent to harm, harass, intimidate, threaten or coerce the depicted person.

B. This section does not apply to any of the following:

1. The reporting of unlawful conduct.

2. Lawful and common practices of law enforcement, criminal reporting, legal proceedings or medical treatment.

3. Images involving voluntary exposure in a public or commercial setting.

4. An interactive computer service, as defined in 47 United States Code § 230(f)(2), or an information service, as defined in 47 United States Code § 153, with regard to content wholly provided by another party.

5. Any disclosure that is made with the consent of the person who is depicted in the image.

C. A violation of this section is a class 5 felony, except that a violation of this section is a:

1. Class 4 felony if the image is disclosed by electronic means.

2. Class 1 misdemeanor if a person threatens to disclose but does not disclose an image that if disclosed would be a violation of this section.

D. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Disclose” means display, distribute, publish, advertise or offer.

2. “Disclosed by electronic means” means delivery to an email address, mobile device, tablet or other electronic device and includes disclosure on a website.

3. “Harm” means physical injury, financial injury or serious emotional distress.

4. “Image” means a photograph, videotape, film or digital recording.

5. “Reasonable expectation of privacy” means the person exhibits an actual expectation of privacy and the expectation is reasonable.

6. “Specific sexual activities” has the same meaning prescribed in § 11-811, subsection E, paragraph 18, subdivisions (a) and (b).

7. “State of nudity” has the same meaning prescribed in § 11-811, subsection E, paragraph 14, subdivision (a).

§ 13-1428. Sexual extortion; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits sexual extortion by knowingly communicating a threat with the intent to coerce another person to do any of the following:

1. Engage in sexual contact or sexual intercourse.

2. Allow the other person’s genitals, anus or female breast to be photographed, filmed, videotaped or digitally recorded.

3. Exhibit the other person’s genitals, anus or female breast.

B. Sexual extortion is a class 3 felony and the person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or commuted. If the victim is under fifteen years of age, sexual extortion is a class 2 felony and is punishable pursuant to § 13-705.

C. For the purposes of this section, “communicating a threat” means a threat to do any of the following:

1. Damage the property of the other person.

2. Harm the reputation of the other person.

3. Produce or distribute a photograph, film, videotape or digital recording that depicts the other person engaging in sexual contact or sexual intercourse or the exhibition of the other person’s genitals, anus or female breast.

Chapter 15. Criminal Trespass and Burglary

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1502. Criminal trespass in the third degree; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits criminal trespass in the third degree by:

1. Knowingly entering or remaining unlawfully on any real property after a reasonable request to leave by a law enforcement officer, the owner or any other person having lawful control over such property, or reasonable notice prohibiting entry.

2. Knowingly entering or remaining unlawfully on the right-of-way for tracks, or the storage or switching yards or rolling stock of a railroad company.

B. Pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 of this section, a request to leave by a law enforcement officer acting at the request of the owner of the property or any other person having lawful control over the property has the same legal effect as a request made by the property owner or other person having lawful control of the property.

C. Criminal trespass in the third degree is a class 3 misdemeanor.

§ 13-1503. Criminal trespass in the second degree; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits criminal trespass in the second degree by knowingly entering or remaining unlawfully in or on any nonresidential structure or in any fenced commercial yard.

B. Criminal trespass in the second degree is a class 2 misdemeanor.

§ 13-1504. Criminal trespass in the first degree; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits criminal trespass in the first degree by knowingly:

1. Entering or remaining unlawfully in or on a residential structure.

2. Entering or remaining unlawfully in a fenced residential yard.

3. Entering any residential yard and, without lawful authority, looking into the residential structure thereon in reckless disregard of infringing on the inhabitant’s right of privacy.

4. Entering unlawfully on real property that is subject to a valid mineral claim or lease with the intent to hold, work, take or explore for minerals on the claim or lease.

5. Entering or remaining unlawfully on the property of another and burning, defacing, mutilating or otherwise desecrating a religious symbol or other religious property of another without the express permission of the owner of the property.

6. Entering or remaining unlawfully in or on a critical public service facility.

B. Criminal trespass in the first degree under subsection A, paragraph 6 of this section is a class 5 felony. Criminal trespass in the first degree under subsection A, paragraph 1 or 5 of this section is a class 6 felony. Criminal trespass in the first degree under subsection A, paragraph 2, 3 or 4 of this section is a class 1 misdemeanor.

Chapter 16. Criminal Damage to Property

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1602. Criminal damage; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits criminal damage by:

1. Recklessly defacing or damaging property of another person.

2. Recklessly tampering with property of another person so as substantially to impair its function or value.

3. Recklessly damaging property of a utility.

4. Recklessly physically obstructing a passageway in such a manner as to deprive livestock of access to the only reasonably available water.

5. Recklessly drawing or inscribing a message, slogan, sign or symbol that is made on any public or private building, structure or surface, except the ground, and that is made without permission of the owner.

6. Intentionally tampering with utility property.

B. Criminal damage is punished as follows:

1. Criminal damage is a class 4 felony if the person recklessly damages property of another in an amount of $10,000 or more.

2. Criminal damage is a class 4 felony if the person recklessly damages the property of a utility in an amount of $5,000 or more or if the person intentionally tampers with utility property and the damage causes an imminent safety hazard to any person.

3. Criminal damage is a class 5 felony if the person recklessly damages property of another in an amount of $2,000 or more but less than $10,000 or if the damage is inflicted to promote, further or assist any criminal street gang or criminal syndicate with the intent to intimidate and the person is not subject to paragraph 1 or 2 of this subsection.

4. Criminal damage is a class 6 felony if the person recklessly damages property of another in an amount of $1,000 or more but less than $2,000.

5. Criminal damage is a class 1 misdemeanor if the person recklessly damages property of another in an amount of more than $250 but less than $1,000.

6. In all other cases criminal damage is a class 2 misdemeanor.

C. For a violation of subsection A, paragraph 5 of this section, in determining the amount of damage to property, damages include reasonable labor costs of any kind, reasonable material costs of any kind and any reasonable costs that are attributed to equipment that is used to abate or repair the damage to the property.

Chapter 19. Robbery

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-1904. Armed robbery; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits armed robbery if, in the course of committing robbery as proscribed in § 13-1902, the person or an accomplice does any of the following:

1. Is armed with a deadly weapon or a simulated deadly weapon.

2. Uses or threatens to use a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument or a simulated deadly weapon.

3. Takes possession of or attempts to take possession of a deadly weapon.

B. Armed robbery is a class 2 felony.

Chapter 20. Forgery and Related Offenses

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-2001. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Access device” means any card, token, code, account number, electronic serial number, mobile or personal identification number, password, encryption key, biometric identifier or other means of account access, including a canceled or revoked access device, that can be used alone or in conjunction with another access device to obtain money, goods, services, computer or network access or any other thing of value or that can be used to initiate a transfer of any thing of value.

2. “Coin machine” means a coin box, turnstile, vending machine or other mechanical, electrical or electronic device or receptacle that is designed to receive a coin or bill of a certain denomination or a token made for such purpose and that, in return for the insertion or deposit of the coin, bill or token, automatically offers, provides, assists in providing or permits the acquisition or use of some property or service.

3. “Complete written instrument” means a written instrument that purports to be genuine and fully drawn with respect to every essential feature.

4. “Entity identifying information” includes, if the entity is a person other than a human being, any written document or electronic data that does or purports to provide information concerning the entity’s name, address, telephone number, employer identification number, account number or electronic serial number, the identifying number of the entity’s depository account or any other information or data that is unique to, assigned to or belongs to the entity and that is intended to be used to access services, funds or benefits of any kind that the entity owns or to which the entity is entitled.

5. “Falsely alters a written instrument” means to change a complete or incomplete written instrument, without the permission of anyone entitled to grant it, by means of counterfeiting, washing, erasure, obliteration, deletion, insertion of new matter, connecting together different parts of the whole of more than one genuine instrument or transposition of matter or in any other manner, so that the altered instrument falsely appears or purports to be in all respects an authentic creation of its ostensible maker or authorized by him.

6. “Falsely completes a written instrument” means to transform an incomplete written instrument into a complete one by adding, inserting or changing matter without the permission of anyone entitled to grant it, so that the complete written instrument falsely appears or purports to be in all respects an authentic creation of its ostensible maker or authorized by him.

7. “Falsely makes a written instrument” means to make or draw a complete or incomplete written instrument that purports to be an authentic creation of its ostensible maker but that is not either because the ostensible maker is fictitious, or because, if real, the ostensible maker did not authorize the making or drawing of the written instrument.

8. “Forged instrument” means a written instrument that has been falsely made, completed or altered.

9. “Incomplete written instrument” means a written instrument that contains some matter by way of content or authentication but that requires additional matter to render it a complete written instrument.

10. “Personal identifying information” means any written document or electronic data that does or purports to provide information concerning a name, signature, electronic identifier or screen name, electronic mail signature, address or account, biometric identifier, driver or professional license number, access device, residence or mailing address, telephone number, employer, student or military identification number, social security number, tax identification number, employment information, citizenship status or alien identification number, personal identification number, photograph, birth date, savings, checking or other financial account number, credit card, charge card or debit card number, mother’s maiden name, fingerprint or retinal image, the image of an iris or deoxyribonucleic acid or genetic information.

11. “Slug” means an object, article or device that by virtue of its size, its shape or any other quality is capable of being inserted, deposited or otherwise used in a coin machine as a fraudulent substitute for a genuine token, lawful coin or bill of the United States.

12. “Written instrument” means either:

(a) Any paper, document or other instrument that contains written or printed matter or its equivalent.

(b) Any token, stamp, seal, badge, trademark, graphical image, access device or other evidence or symbol of value, right, privilege or identification.

§ 13-2006. Criminal impersonation; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits criminal impersonation by:

1. Assuming a false identity with the intent to defraud another; or

2. Pretending to be a representative of some person or organization with the intent to defraud; or

3. Pretending to be, or assuming a false identity of, an employee or a representative of some person or organization with the intent to induce another person to provide or allow access to property. This paragraph does not apply to peace officers in the performance of their duties.

B. Criminal impersonation is a class 6 felony.

§ 13-2008. Taking identity of another person or entity; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits taking the identity of another person or entity if the person knowingly takes, purchases, manufactures, records, possesses or uses any personal identifying information or entity identifying information of another person or entity, including a real or fictitious person or entity, without the consent of that other person or entity, with the intent to obtain or use the other person’s or entity’s identity for any unlawful purpose or to cause loss to a person or entity whether or not the person or entity actually suffers any economic loss as a result of the offense, or with the intent to obtain or continue employment.

B. On the request of a person or entity, a peace officer in any jurisdiction in which an element of an offense under this section is committed, a result of an offense under this section occurs or the person or entity whose identity is taken or accepted resides or is located shall take a report. The peace officer may provide a copy of the report to any other law enforcement agency that is located in a jurisdiction in which a violation of this section occurred.

C. If a defendant is alleged to have committed multiple violations of this section within the same county, the prosecutor may file a complaint charging all of the violations and any related charges under other sections that have not been previously filed in any precinct in which a violation is alleged to have occurred. If a defendant is alleged to have committed multiple violations of this section within the state, the prosecutor may file a complaint charging all of the violations and any related charges under other sections that have not been previously filed in any county in which a violation is alleged to have occurred.

D. This section does not apply to a violation of section 4-241 by a person who is under twenty-one years of age.

E. Taking the identity of another person or entity is a class 4 felony.

§ 13-2009. Aggravated taking identity of another person or entity; knowingly accepting the identity of another person; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits aggravated taking the identity of another person or entity if the person knowingly takes, purchases, manufactures, records, possesses or uses any personal identifying information or entity identifying information of either:

1. Three or more other persons or entities, including real or fictitious persons or entities, without the consent of the other persons or entities, with the intent to obtain or use the other persons’ or entities’ identities for any unlawful purpose or to cause loss to the persons or entities whether or not the persons or entities actually suffer any economic loss.

2. Another person or entity, including a real or fictitious person or entity, without the consent of that other person or entity, with the intent to obtain or use the other person’s or entity’s identity for any unlawful purpose and causes another person or entity to suffer an economic loss of one thousand dollars or more.

3. Another person, including a real or fictitious person, with the intent to obtain employment.

B. A person commits knowingly accepting the identity of another person if the person, in hiring an employee, knowingly does both of the following:

1. Accepts any personal identifying information of another person from an individual and knows that the individual is not the actual person identified by that information.

2. Uses that identity information for the purpose of determining whether the individual who presented that identity information has the legal right or authorization under federal law to work in the United States as described and determined under the processes and procedures under 8 United States Code section 1324a.

C. In an action for aggravated taking the identity of another person or entity under subsection A, paragraph 1 of this section, proof of possession out of the regular course of business of the personal identifying information or entity identifying information of three or more other persons or entities may give rise to an inference that the personal identifying information or entity identifying information of the three or more other persons or entities was possessed for an unlawful purpose.

D. This section does not apply to a violation of section 4-241 by a person who is under twenty-one years of age.

E. Aggravated taking the identity of another person or entity or knowingly accepting the identity of another person is a class 3 felony.

§ 13-2010. Trafficking in the identity of another person or entity; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits trafficking in the identity of another person or entity if the person knowingly sells, transfers or transmits any personal identifying information or entity identifying information of another person or entity, including a real or fictitious person or entity, without the consent of the other person or entity for any unlawful purpose or to cause loss to the person or entity whether or not the other person or entity actually suffers any economic loss, or allowing another person to obtain or continue employment.

B. This section does not apply to a violation of section 4-241 by a person who is under twenty-one years of age.

C. Trafficking in the identity of another person or entity is a class 2 felony.

Chapter 28. Interfering with Judicial and Other Proceedings

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-2810. Interfering with judicial proceedings; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits interfering with judicial proceedings if such person knowingly:

1. Engages in disorderly, disrespectful or insolent behavior during the session of a court which directly tends to interrupt its proceedings or impairs the respect due to its authority; or

2. Disobeys or resists the lawful order, process or other mandate of a court; or

3. Refuses to be sworn or affirmed as a witness in any court proceeding; or

4. Publishes a false or grossly inaccurate report of a court proceeding; or

5. Refuses to serve as a juror unless exempted by law; or

6. Fails inexcusably to attend a trial at which he has been chosen to serve as a juror.

B. Interfering with judicial proceedings is a class 1 misdemeanor.

Chapter 29. Offenses Against Public Order

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-2904. Disorderly conduct; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits disorderly conduct if, with intent to disturb the peace or quiet of a neighborhood, family or person, or with knowledge of doing so, such person:

1. Engages in fighting, violent or seriously disruptive behavior; or

2. Makes unreasonable noise; or

3. Uses abusive or offensive language or gestures to any person present in a manner likely to provoke immediate physical retaliation by such person; or

4. Makes any protracted commotion, utterance or display with the intent to prevent the transaction of the business of a lawful meeting, gathering or procession; or

5. Refuses to obey a lawful order to disperse issued to maintain public safety in dangerous proximity to a fire, a hazard or any other emergency; or

6. Recklessly handles, displays or discharges a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.

B. Disorderly conduct under subsection A, paragraph 6 is a class 6 felony. Disorderly conduct under subsection A, paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 is a class 1 misdemeanor.

§ 13-2910. Cruelty to animals; interference with working or service animal; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits cruelty to animals if the person does any of the following:

1. Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly subjects any animal under the person’s custody or control to cruel neglect or abandonment.

2. Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly fails to provide medical attention necessary to prevent protracted suffering to any animal under the person’s custody or control.

3. Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly inflicts unnecessary physical injury to any animal.

4. Recklessly subjects any animal to cruel mistreatment.

5. Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly kills any animal under the custody or control of another person without either legal privilege or consent of the owner.

6. Recklessly interferes with, kills or harms a working or service animal without either legal privilege or consent of the owner.

7. Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly leaves an animal unattended and confined in a motor vehicle and physical injury to or death of the animal is likely to result.

8. Intentionally or knowingly subjects any animal under the person’s custody or control to cruel neglect or abandonment that results in serious physical injury to the animal.

9. Intentionally or knowingly subjects any animal to cruel mistreatment.

10. Intentionally or knowingly interferes with, kills or harms a working or service animal without either legal privilege or consent of the owner.

11. Intentionally or knowingly allows any dog that is under the person’s custody or control to interfere with, kill or cause physical injury to a service animal.

12. Recklessly allows any dog that is under the person’s custody or control to interfere with, kill or cause physical injury to a service animal.

13. Intentionally or knowingly obtains or exerts unauthorized control over a service animal with the intent to deprive the service animal handler of the service animal.

14. Intentionally or knowingly subjects a domestic animal to cruel mistreatment.

15. Intentionally or knowingly kills a domestic animal without either legal privilege or consent of the domestic animal’s owner or handler.

16. Intentionally or knowingly harasses a working animal that is in a law enforcement vehicle or trailer without either legal privilege or consent of the owner.

B. It is a defense to subsection A of this section if:

1. Any person exposes poison to be taken by a dog that has killed or wounded livestock or poison to be taken by predatory animals on premises owned, leased or controlled by the person for the purpose of protecting the person or the person’s livestock or poultry, the treated property is kept posted by the person who authorized or performed the treatment until the poison has been removed and the poison is removed by the person exposing the poison after the threat to the person or the person’s livestock or poultry has ceased to exist. The posting required shall provide adequate warning to persons who enter the property by the point or points of normal entry. The warning notice that is posted shall be readable at a distance of fifty feet, shall contain a poison statement and symbol and shall state the word “danger” or “warning”.

2. Any person uses poisons in and immediately around buildings owned, leased or controlled by the person for the purpose of controlling wild and domestic rodents as otherwise allowed by the laws of the state, excluding any fur-bearing animals as defined in § 17-101.

C. This section does not prohibit or restrict:

1. The taking of wildlife or other activities permitted by or pursuant to title 17.1

2. Activities permitted by or pursuant to title 3.2

3. Activities regulated by the Arizona game and fish department or the Arizona department of agriculture.

D. A peace officer, animal control enforcement agent or animal control enforcement deputy may use reasonable force to open a vehicle to rescue an animal if the animal is left in the vehicle as prescribed in subsection A, paragraph 7 of this section.

E. A person who is convicted of a violation of subsection A, paragraph 6 or 10 of this section is liable as follows:

1. If the working or service animal was killed or disabled, to the owner or agency that owns the working or service animal and that employs the handler or to the owner or handler for the replacement and training costs of the working or service animal and for any veterinary bills.

2. To the owner or agency that owns a working or service animal for the salary of the handler for the period of time that the handler’s services are lost to the owner or agency.

3. To the owner for the owner’s contractual losses with the agency.

F. An incorporated city or town or a county may adopt an ordinance with misdemeanor provisions at least as stringent as the misdemeanor provisions of this section, except that any ordinance adopted shall not prohibit or restrict any activity involving a dog, whether the dog is restrained or not, if the activity is directly related to the business of shepherding or herding livestock and the activity is necessary for the safety of a human, the dog or livestock or is permitted by or pursuant to title 3.

G. If a judicial officer orders the release of a person who is currently serving a term of probation for a violation of this section and who is charged with a new violation of this section on the person’s own recognizance or on the execution of bail, the judicial officer shall impose a condition of release that prohibits the person from possessing or having contact with any animal.

H. A person who violates subsection A, paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12 or 16 of this section is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor. A person who violates subsection A, paragraph 8, 9, 10, 11 or 13 of this section is guilty of a class 6 felony. A person who violates subsection A, paragraph 14 or 15 of this section is guilty of a class 5 felony.

I. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Animal” means a mammal, bird, reptile or amphibian.

2. “Cruel mistreatment” means to torture or otherwise inflict unnecessary serious physical injury on an animal or to kill an animal in a manner that causes protracted suffering to the animal.

3. “Cruel neglect” means to fail to provide an animal with necessary food, water or shelter.

4. “Domestic animal” means a mammal, not regulated by title 3, that is kept primarily as a pet or companion or that is bred to be a pet or companion.

5. “Handler” means a law enforcement officer or any other person who has successfully completed a course of training prescribed by the person’s agency or the service animal owner and who used a specially trained animal under the direction of the person’s agency or the service animal owner.

6. “Harass” means to engage in conduct that a reasonable person would expect to impede or interfere with a working animal’s performance of its duties.

7. “Service animal” means an animal that has completed a formal training program, that assists its owner in one or more daily living tasks that are associated with a productive lifestyle and that is trained to not pose a danger to the health and safety of the general public.

8. “Working animal” means a horse or dog that is used by a law enforcement agency, that is specially trained for law enforcement work and that is under the control of a handler.

§ 13-2915. Preventing use of telephone in emergency; false representation of emergency; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. It is unlawful for a person to do any of the following:

1. Knowingly refuse to yield or surrender the use of a party line to another person to report a fire or summon police or medical or other aid in case of emergency.

2. Ask for or request the use of a party line on the pretext that an emergency exists, knowing that no emergency in fact exists.

3. Intentionally prevent or interfere with the use of a telephone by another person in an emergency situation.

B. Every telephone directory that is compiled and distributed to subscribers shall contain a notice explaining this section. The notice shall be printed in type that is no smaller than any other type on the same page, other than headings, and shall be preceded by the word “warning”. This subsection does not apply to directories that are distributed solely for business advertising purposes, commonly known as classified directories.

C. This section does not require a person to allow another person to enter the person’s home or place of residence for the purpose of using a telephone in an emergency situation.

D. A person who violates this section is guilty of a class 2 misdemeanor.

E. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Emergency” means a situation in which property or human life is in jeopardy and the prompt summoning of aid is essential.

2. “Emergency situation” means a situation in which both of the following apply:

(a) Human health, life or safety is in jeopardy and the prompt summoning of aid is essential.

(b) It is reasonable to believe that a domestic violence offense pursuant to § 13-3601 is being, has been or is about to be committed.

3. “Party line” means a subscriber’s line telephone circuit, consisting of two or more main telephone stations connected therewith, each station with a distinctive ring or telephone number.

§ 13-2916. Use of an electronic communication to terrify, intimidate, threaten or harass; unlawful use of electronic communication device; applicability; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. It is unlawful for A person to knowingly terrify, intimidate, threaten or harass a specific person or persons by doing any of the following:

1. Directing any obscene, lewd or profane language or suggesting any lewd or lascivious act to the person in an electronic communication.

2. Threatening to inflict physical harm on any person or to property in any electronic communication.

3. Otherwise disturbing by repeated anonymous, unwanted or unsolicited electronic communications the peace, quiet or right of privacy of the person at the place where the communications were received.

4. Without the person’s consent and for the purpose of imminently causing the person unwanted physical contact, injury or harassment by a third party, use an electronic communication device to electronically distribute, publish, email, hyperlink or make available for downloading the person’s personal identifying information, including a digital image of the person, and the use does in fact incite or produce that unwanted physical contact, injury or harassment. This paragraph also applies to a person who intends to terrify, intimidate, threaten or harass an immediate family member of the person whose personal identifying information is used.

B. Any offense committed by use of an electronic communication in violation of this section is deemed to have been committed at either the place where the communications originated or at the place where the communications were received.

C. This section does not apply to:

1. Constitutionally protected speech or activity or to any other activity authorized by law.

2. An interactive computer service, as defined in 47 United States Code § 230(f)(2), or to an information service or telecommunications service, as defined in 47 United States Code § 153, for content that is provided by another person.

D. A person who violates this section is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor.

E. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Electronic communication” means a social media post, a wire line, cable, wireless or cellular telephone call, a text message, an instant message or electronic mail.

2. “Electronic communication device” includes a telephone, mobile telephone, computer, internet website, internet telephone, hybrid cellular, internet or wireless device, personal digital assistant, video recorder, fax machine or pager.

3. “Harassment” means a knowing and wilful course of conduct that is directed at a specific person, that a reasonable person would consider as seriously alarming, seriously disruptive, seriously tormenting or seriously terrorizing the person and that serves no legitimate purpose.

4. “Personal identifying information”:

(a) Means information that would allow the identified person to be located, contacted or harassed.

(b) Includes the person’s home address, work address, phone number, email address or other contact information that would allow the identified person to be located, contacted or harassed.

5. “Social media post” means a social media communication that is knowingly intended to communicate to a specific person or persons in violation of subsection a of this section.

§ 13-2921. Harassment; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits harassment if the person knowingly and repeatedly commits an act or acts that harass another person or the person knowingly commits any one of the following acts in a manner that harasses:

1. Contacts or causes a communication with another person by verbal, electronic, mechanical, telegraphic, telephonic or written means.

2. Continues to follow another person in or about a public place after being asked by that person to desist.

3. Surveils or causes a person to surveil another person.

4. Makes a false report to a law enforcement, credit or social service agency against another person.

5. Interferes with the delivery of any public or regulated utility to another person.

B. A person commits harassment against a public officer or employee if the person, with intent to harass, files a nonconsensual lien against any public officer or employee that is not accompanied by an order or a judgment from a court of competent jurisdiction authorizing the filing of the lien or is not issued by a governmental entity or political subdivision or agency pursuant to its statutory authority, a validly licensed utility or water delivery company, a mechanics’ lien claimant or an entity created under covenants, conditions, restrictions or declarations affecting real property.

C. Harassment under subsection A is a class 1 misdemeanor. Harassment under subsection B is a class 5 felony.

D. This section does not apply to any of the following:

1. A lawful demonstration, assembly or picketing.

2. A professional investigator or peace officer who is licensed by this state and who is acting within the scope of the investigator’s or officer’s duties in connection with any criminal or civil investigation.

3. A certified and duly authorized process server who is acting within the scope of the process server’s duties in connection with any judicial or administrative action or proceeding.

E. For the purposes of this section, “harass” means conduct that is directed at a specific person and that would cause a reasonable person to be seriously alarmed, annoyed, humiliated or mentally distressed and the conduct in fact seriously alarms, annoys, humiliates or mentally distresses the person.

§ 13-2921.01. Aggravated harassment; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits aggravated harassment if the person commits harassment as provided in § 13-2921 and, at the time of the offense, any of the following applies:

1. A court has issued any of the following orders in favor of the victim of harassment, the order was served on the person and the order was valid at the time of the offense:

(a) An order of protection issued pursuant to § 13-3602.

(b) An injunction against harassment issued pursuant to § 12-1809.

(c) Any other criminal-related injunction issued under the laws of this state.

2. A court has issued an order of protection on an emergency basis pursuant to § 13-3624 against the person in favor of the victim of harassment and the order was still in effect on the date of the offense.

3. The person has previously been convicted of an offense included in § 13-3601 committed against the victim of harassment.

4. A court has imposed a condition of release on the person that prohibits any contact with the victim of harassment and the court order was still in effect on the date of the offense.

B. A person who violates subsection A, paragraph 1, 2 or 4 of this section is guilty of a class 6 felony. A person who commits a second or subsequent violation of subsection A, paragraph 1, 2 or 4 of this section is guilty of a class 5 felony. A person who violates subsection A, paragraph 3 of this section is guilty of a class 5 felony.

C. For the purposes of this section, “convicted” means a person who was convicted of an offense included in § 13-3601 or who was adjudicated delinquent for conduct that would constitute a historical prior felony conviction if the juvenile had been tried as an adult for an offense included in § 13-3601.

§ 13-2923. Stalking; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits stalking if the person intentionally or knowingly engages in a course of conduct that is directed toward another person and if that conduct causes the victim to:

1. Suffer emotional distress or reasonably fear that either:

(a) The victim’s property will be damaged or destroyed.

(b) Any of the following will be physically injured:

(i) The victim.

(ii) The victim’s family member, domestic animal or livestock.

(iii) A person with whom the victim has or has previously had a romantic or sexual relationship.

(iv) A person who regularly resides in the victim’s household or has resided in the victim’s household within the six months before the last conduct occurred.

2. Reasonably fear death or the death of any of the following:

(a) The victim’s family member, domestic animal or livestock.

(b) A person with whom the victim has or has previously had a romantic or sexual relationship.

(c) A person who regularly resides in the victim’s household or has resided in the victim’s household within the six months before the last conduct occurred.

B. This section does not apply to an interactive computer service, as defined in 47 United States Code section 230(f)(2), or to an information service or telecommunications service, as defined in 47 United States Code section 153, for content that is provided by another person.

C. Stalking under subsection A, paragraph 1 of this section is a class 5 felony. Stalking under subsection A, paragraph 2 of this section is a class 3 felony.

D. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Course of conduct”:

(a) Means directly or indirectly, in person or through one or more third persons or by any other means, to do any of the following:

(i) Maintain visual or physical proximity to a specific person or direct verbal, written or other threats, whether express or implied, to a specific person on two or more occasions over a period of time, however short.

(ii) Use any electronic, digital or global positioning system device to surveil a specific person or a specific person’s internet or wireless activity continuously for twelve hours or more or on two or more occasions over a period of time, however short, without authorization.

(iii) Communicate, or cause to be communicated, on more than one occasion words, images or language by or through the use of electronic mail or an electronic communication that is directed at a specific person without authorization and without a legitimate purpose.

(b) Does not include constitutionally protected activity or other activity authorized by law, the other person, the other person’s authorized representative or if the other person is a minor, the minor’s parent or guardian.2. “Emotional distress” means significant mental suffering or distress that may, but does not have to, require medical or other professional treatment or counseling.

Chapter 30. Eavesdropping and Communications

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-3019. Surreptitious photographing, videotaping, filming or digitally recording or viewing; exemptions; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. It is unlawful for any person to knowingly photograph, videotape, film, digitally record or by any other means secretly view, with or without a device, another person without that person’s consent under either of the following circumstances:

1. In a restroom, bathroom, locker room, bedroom or other location where the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy and the person is urinating, defecating, dressing, undressing, nude or involved in sexual intercourse or sexual contact.

2. In a manner that directly or indirectly captures or allows the viewing of the person’s genitalia, buttock or female breast, whether clothed or unclothed, that is not otherwise visible to the public.

B. It is unlawful to disclose, display, distribute or publish a photograph, videotape, film or digital recording made in violation of subsection A of this section without the consent or knowledge of the person depicted.

C. This section does not apply to:

1. Photographing, videotaping, filming or digitally recording for security purposes if notice of the use of photographing, videotaping, filming or digital recording equipment is clearly posted in the location and the location is one in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy.

2. Photographing, videotaping, filming or digitally recording by correctional officials for security reasons or in connection with the investigation of alleged misconduct of persons on the premises of a jail or prison.

3. Photographing, videotaping, filming or digitally recording by law enforcement officers pursuant to an investigation, which is otherwise lawful.

4. The use of a child monitoring device as defined in section 13-3001.

D. A violation of subsection A or B of this section is a class 5 felony.

E. Notwithstanding subsection D of this section, a violation of subsection A or B of this section that does not involve the use of a device is a class 6 felony, except that a second or subsequent violation of subsection A or B of this section that does not involve the use of a device is a class 5 felony.

F. Notwithstanding subsection D of this section, a violation of subsection B of this section is a class 4 felony if the person depicted is recognizable.

G. For the purposes of this section, “sexual contact” and “sexual intercourse” have the same meanings prescribed in section 13-1401.

§ 13-3005. Interception of wire, electronic and oral communications; installation of pen register or trap and trace device; classification; exceptions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Except as provided in this section and § 13-3012, a person is guilty of a class 5 felony who either:

1. Intentionally intercepts a wire or electronic communication to which he is not a party, or aids, authorizes, employs, procures or permits another to so do, without the consent of either a sender or receiver thereof.

2. Intentionally intercepts a conversation or discussion at which he is not present, or aids, authorizes, employs, procures or permits another to so do, without the consent of a party to such conversation or discussion.

3. Intentionally intercepts the deliberations of a jury or aids, authorizes, employs, procures or permits another to so do.

B. Except as provided in §§ 13-3012 and 13-3017, a person who intentionally and without lawful authority installs or uses a pen register or trap and trace device on the telephone lines or communications facilities of another person which are utilized for wire or electronic communication is guilty of a class 6 felony.

Chapter 31. Weapons and Explosives

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-3101. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Deadly weapon” means anything that is designed for lethal use. The term includes a firearm.

2. “Deface” means to remove, alter or destroy the manufacturer’s serial number.

3. “Explosive” means any dynamite, nitroglycerine, black powder, or other similar explosive material, including plastic explosives. Explosive does not include ammunition or ammunition components such as primers, percussion caps, smokeless powder, black powder and black powder substitutes used for hand loading purposes.

4. “Firearm” means any loaded or unloaded handgun, pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun or other weapon that will expel, is designed to expel or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive. Firearm does not include a firearm in permanently inoperable condition.

5. “Improvised explosive device” means a device that incorporates explosives or destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals and that is designed to destroy, disfigure, terrify or harass.

6. “Occupied structure” means any building, object, vehicle, watercraft, aircraft or place with sides and a floor that is separately securable from any other structure attached to it, that is used for lodging, business, transportation, recreation or storage and in which one or more human beings either are or are likely to be present or so near as to be in equivalent danger at the time the discharge of a firearm occurs. Occupied structure includes any dwelling house, whether occupied, unoccupied or vacant.

7. “Prohibited possessor” means any person:

(a) Who has been found to constitute a danger to self or to others or to have a persistent or acute disability or grave disability pursuant to court order pursuant to § 36-540, and whose right to possess a firearm has not been restored pursuant to § 13-925.

(b) Who has been convicted within or without this state of a felony or who has been adjudicated delinquent for a felony and whose civil right to possess or carry a firearm has not been restored.

(c) Who is at the time of possession serving a term of imprisonment in any correctional or detention facility.

(d) Who is at the time of possession serving a term of probation pursuant to a conviction for a domestic violence offense as defined in § 13-3601 or a felony offense, parole, community supervision, work furlough, home arrest or release on any other basis or who is serving a term of probation or parole pursuant to the interstate compact under title 31, chapter 3, article 4.1.1

(e) Who is an undocumented alien or a nonimmigrant alien traveling with or without documentation in this state for business or pleasure or who is studying in this state and who maintains a foreign residence abroad. This subdivision does not apply to:

(i) Nonimmigrant aliens who possess a valid hunting license or permit that is lawfully issued by a state in the United States.

(ii) Nonimmigrant aliens who enter the United States to participate in a competitive target shooting event or to display firearms at a sports or hunting trade show that is sponsored by a national, state or local firearms trade organization devoted to the competitive use or other sporting use of firearms.

(iii) Certain diplomats.

(iv) Officials of foreign governments or distinguished foreign visitors who are designated by the United States department of state.

(v) Persons who have received a waiver from the United States attorney general.

(f) Who has been found incompetent pursuant to rule 11, Arizona rules of criminal procedure, and who subsequently has not been found competent.

(g) Who is found guilty except insane.

8. “Prohibited weapon”:

(a) Includes the following:

(i) An item that is a bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces or mine and that is explosive, incendiary or poison gas.

(ii) A device that is designed, made or adapted to muffle the report of a firearm.

(iii) A firearm that is capable of shooting more than one shot automatically, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger.

(iv) A rifle with a barrel length of less than sixteen inches, or shotgun with a barrel length of less than eighteen inches, or any firearm that is made from a rifle or shotgun and that, as modified, has an overall length of less than twenty-six inches.

(v) A breakable container that contains a flammable liquid with a flash point of one hundred fifty degrees Fahrenheit or less and that has a wick or similar device capable of being ignited.

(vi) A chemical or combination of chemicals, compounds or materials, including dry ice, that is possessed or manufactured for the purpose of generating a gas to cause a mechanical failure, rupture or bursting or an explosion or detonation of the chemical or combination of chemicals, compounds or materials.

(vii) An improvised explosive device.

(viii) Any combination of parts or materials that is designed and intended for use in making or converting a device into an item set forth in item (i), (v) or (vii) of this subdivision.

(b) Does not include:

(i) Any fireworks that are imported, distributed or used in compliance with state laws or local ordinances.

(ii) Any propellant, propellant actuated devices or propellant actuated industrial tools that are manufactured, imported or distributed for their intended purposes.

(iii) A device that is commercially manufactured primarily for the purpose of illumination.

9. “Trafficking” means to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense or otherwise dispose of a weapon or explosive to another person, or to buy, receive, possess or obtain control of a weapon or explosive, with the intent to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense or otherwise dispose of the weapon or explosive to another person.

B. The items set forth in subsection A, paragraph 8, subdivision (a), items (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) of this section do not include any firearms or devices that are possessed, manufactured or transferred in compliance with federal law.

§ 13-3112. Concealed weapons; qualification; application; permit to carry; civil penalty; report; applicability

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The department of public safety shall issue a permit to carry a concealed weapon to a person who is qualified under this section. The person shall carry the permit at all times when the person is in actual possession of the concealed weapon and is required by § 4-229 or 4-244 to carry the permit. If the person is in actual possession of the concealed weapon and is required by § 4-229 or 4-244 to carry the permit, the person shall present the permit for inspection to any law enforcement officer on request.

B. The permit of a person who is arrested or indicted for an offense that would make the person unqualified under § 13-3101, subsection A, paragraph 7 or this section shall be immediately suspended and seized. The permit of a person who becomes unqualified on conviction of that offense shall be revoked. The permit shall be restored on presentation of documentation from the court if the permittee is found not guilty or the charges are dismissed. The permit shall be restored on presentation of documentation from the county attorney that the charges against the permittee were dropped or dismissed.

C. A permittee who carries a concealed weapon, who is required by § 4-229 or 4-244 to carry a permit and who fails to present the permit for inspection on the request of a law enforcement officer commits a violation of this subsection and is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $300. The department of public safety shall be notified of all violations of this subsection and shall immediately suspend the permit. A permittee shall not be convicted of a violation of this subsection if the permittee produces to the court a legible permit that is issued to the permittee and that was valid at the time the permittee failed to present the permit for inspection.

D. A law enforcement officer shall not confiscate or forfeit a weapon that is otherwise lawfully possessed by a permittee whose permit is suspended pursuant to subsection C of this section, except that a law enforcement officer may take temporary custody of a firearm during an investigatory stop of the permittee.

E. The department of public safety shall issue a permit to an applicant who meets all of the following conditions:

1. Is a resident of this state or a United States citizen.

2. Is twenty-one years of age or older or is at least nineteen years of age and provides evidence of current military service or proof of honorable discharge or general discharge under honorable conditions from the United States armed forces, the United States armed forces reserve or a state national guard.

3. Is not under indictment for and has not been convicted in any jurisdiction of a felony unless that conviction has been expunged, set aside or vacated or the applicant’s rights have been restored and the applicant is currently not a prohibited possessor under state or federal law.

4. Does not suffer from mental illness and has not been adjudicated mentally incompetent or committed to a mental institution.

5. Is not unlawfully present in the United States.

6. Has ever demonstrated competence with a firearm as prescribed by subsection N of this section and provides adequate documentation that the person has satisfactorily completed a training program or demonstrated competence with a firearm in any state or political subdivision in the United States. For the purposes of this paragraph, “adequate documentation” means:

(a) A current or expired permit issued by the department of public safety pursuant to this section.

(b) An original or copy of a certificate, card or document that shows the applicant has ever completed any course or class prescribed by subsection N of this section or an affidavit from the instructor, school, club or organization that conducted or taught the course or class attesting to the applicant’s completion of the course or class.

(c) An original or a copy of a United States department of defense form 214 (DD-214) indicating an honorable discharge or general discharge under honorable conditions, a certificate of completion of basic training or any other document demonstrating proof of the applicant’s current or former service in the United States armed forces as prescribed by subsection N, paragraph 5 of this section.

(d) An original or a copy of a concealed weapon, firearm or handgun permit or a license as prescribed by subsection N, paragraph 6 of this section.

F. The application shall be completed on a form prescribed by the department of public safety. The form shall not require the applicant to disclose the type of firearm for which a permit is sought. The applicant shall attest under penalty of perjury that all of the statements made by the applicant are true, that the applicant has been furnished a copy of this chapter and chapter 4 of this title1 and that the applicant is knowledgeable about the provisions contained in those chapters. The applicant shall submit the application to the department with any documentation prescribed by subsection E of this section, two sets of fingerprints and a reasonable fee determined by the director of the department.

G. On receipt of a concealed weapon permit application, the department of public safety shall conduct a check of the applicant’s criminal history record pursuant to § 41-1750. The department of public safety may exchange fingerprint card information with the federal bureau of investigation for federal criminal history record checks.

H. The department of public safety shall complete all of the required qualification checks within sixty days after receiving the application and shall issue a permit within fifteen working days after completing the qualification checks if the applicant meets all of the conditions specified in subsection E of this section. If a permit is denied, the department of public safety shall notify the applicant in writing within fifteen working days after completing all of the required qualification checks and shall state the reasons why the application was denied. On receipt of the notification of the denial, the applicant has twenty days to submit any additional documentation to the department. On receipt of the additional documentation, the department shall reconsider its decision and inform the applicant within twenty days of the result of the reconsideration. If denied, the applicant shall be informed that the applicant may request a hearing pursuant to title 41, chapter 6, article 10. For the purposes of this subsection, “receiving the application” means the first day that the department has physical control of the application and that is presumed to be on the date of delivery as evidenced by proof of delivery by the United States postal service or a written receipt, which shall be provided by the department on request of the applicant.

I. On issuance, a permit is valid for five years, except a permit that is held by a member of the United States armed forces, including a member of the Arizona national guard or a member of the reserves of any military establishment of the United States, who is on federal active duty and who is deployed overseas shall be extended until ninety days after the end of the member’s overseas deployment.

J. The department of public safety shall maintain a computerized permit record system that is accessible to criminal justice agencies for the purpose of confirming the permit status of any person who is contacted by a law enforcement officer and who claims to hold a valid permit issued by this state. This information and any other records that are maintained regarding applicants, permit holders or instructors shall not be available to any other person or entity except on an order from a state or federal court. A criminal justice agency shall not use the computerized permit record system to conduct inquiries on whether a person is a concealed weapons permit holder unless the criminal justice agency has reasonable suspicion to believe the person is carrying a concealed weapon and the person is subject to a lawful criminal investigation, arrest, detention or investigatory stop.

K. A permit issued pursuant to this section is renewable every five years. At least sixty days before the expiration date of a permit, the department of public safety shall send a renewal reminder notice and renewal application form to the permit holder. Before a permit may be renewed, a criminal history records check shall be conducted pursuant to § 41-1750 within sixty days after receipt of the application for renewal. For the purposes of permit renewal, the permit holder is not required to submit additional fingerprints.

L. Applications for renewal shall be accompanied by a fee determined by the director of the department of public safety.

M. The department of public safety shall suspend or revoke a permit issued under this section if the permit holder becomes ineligible pursuant to subsection E of this section. The department of public safety shall notify the permit holder in writing within fifteen working days after the revocation or suspension and shall state the reasons for the revocation or suspension.

N. An applicant shall demonstrate competence with a firearm through any of the following:

1. Completion of any firearms safety or training course or class that is available to the general public, that is offered by a law enforcement agency, a junior college, a college or a private or public institution, academy, organization or firearms training school and that is approved by the department of public safety or that uses instructors who are certified by the national rifle association.

2. Completion of any hunter education or hunter safety course approved by the Arizona game and fish department or a similar agency of another state.

3. Completion of any national rifle association firearms safety or training course.

4. Completion of any law enforcement firearms safety or training course or class that is offered for security guards, investigators, special deputies or other divisions or subdivisions of law enforcement or security enforcement and that is approved by the department of public safety.

5. Evidence of current military service or proof of honorable discharge or general discharge under honorable conditions from the United States armed forces.

6. A valid current or expired concealed weapon, firearm or handgun permit or license that is issued by another state or a political subdivision of another state and that has a training or testing requirement for initial issuance.

7. Completion of any governmental police agency firearms training course and qualification to carry a firearm in the course of normal police duties.

8. Completion of any other firearms safety or training course or class that is conducted by a department of public safety approved or national rifle association certified firearms instructor.

O. The department of public safety shall maintain information comparing the number of permits requested, the number of permits issued and the number of permits denied. The department shall annually report this information electronically to the governor and the legislature.

P. The director of the department of public safety shall adopt rules for the purpose of implementing and administering this section including fees relating to permits that are issued pursuant to this section.

Q. This state and any political subdivision of this state shall recognize a concealed weapon, firearm or handgun permit or license that is issued by another state or a political subdivision of another state if both:

1. The permit or license is recognized as valid in the issuing state.

2. The permit or license holder is all of the following:

(a) Legally present in this state.

(b) Not legally prohibited from possessing a firearm in this state.

R. For the purpose of establishing mutual permit or license recognition with other states, the department of public safety shall enter into a written agreement if another state requires a written agreement. The department of public safety shall submit an electronic report to the governor and the legislature each year that includes any changes that were made in the previous year to a written agreement with another state.

S. Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, a person with a concealed weapons permit from another state may not carry a concealed weapon in this state if the person is under twenty-one years of age or is under indictment for, or has been convicted of, a felony offense in any jurisdiction, unless that conviction is expunged, set aside or vacated or the person’s rights have been restored and the person is currently not a prohibited possessor under state or federal law.

T. The department of public safety may issue certificates of firearms proficiency according to the Arizona peace officer standards and training board firearms qualification for the purposes of implementing the law enforcement officers safety act of 2004 (P.L. 108-277; 118 Stat. 865; 18 United States Code §§ 926B and 926C). A law enforcement or prosecutorial agency shall issue to a qualified retired law enforcement officer who has honorably retired a photographic identification that states that the officer has honorably retired from the agency. A person who was a municipal, county or state prosecutor is deemed to meet the qualifications of 18 United States Code § 926C(c)(2). The chief law enforcement officer shall determine whether an officer has honorably retired and the determination is not subject to review. A law enforcement or prosecutorial agency has no obligation to revoke, alter or modify the honorable discharge photographic identification based on conduct that the agency becomes aware of or that occurs after the officer has separated from the agency. For the purposes of this subsection, “qualified retired law enforcement officer” has the same meaning prescribed in 18 United States Code § 926C.

U. The initial and renewal application fees collected pursuant to this section shall be deposited, pursuant to §§ 35-146 and 35-147, in the concealed weapons permit fund established by § 41-1722.

Chapter 32. Prostitution

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-3206. Taking child for purpose of prostitution; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A person who takes away any minor from the minor’s father, mother, guardian or other person having the legal custody of the minor, for the purpose of prostitution, is guilty of a class 4 felony. If the minor is under fifteen years of age, taking a child for the purpose of prostitution is a class 2 felony and is punishable pursuant to § 13-705.

Chapter 35.1 Sexual Exploitation of Children

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-3552. Commercial sexual exploitation of a minor; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits commercial sexual exploitation of a minor by knowingly:

1. Using, employing, persuading, enticing, inducing or coercing a minor to engage in or assist others to engage in exploitive exhibition or other sexual conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction or live act depicting such conduct.

2. Using, employing, persuading, enticing, inducing or coercing a minor to expose the genitals or anus or the areola or nipple of the female breast for financial or commercial gain.

3. Permitting a minor under the person’s custody or control to engage in or assist others to engage in exploitive exhibition or other sexual conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction or live act depicting such conduct.

4. Transporting or financing the transportation of any minor through or across this state with the intent that the minor engage in prostitution, exploitive exhibition or other sexual conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction or live act depicting such conduct.

5. Using an advertisement for prostitution as defined in § 13-3211 that contains a visual depiction of a minor.

B. Subsection A, paragraph 5 of this section does not apply to an act that is prohibited by § 13-3555 or to websites or internet service providers that host advertisements created and published by third parties and do not participate in creating or publishing the advertisements.

C. Commercial sexual exploitation of a minor is a class 2 felony and if the minor is under fifteen years of age it is punishable pursuant to § 13-705. Commercial sexual exploitation of a minor who is fifteen, sixteen or seventeen years of age is a class 2 felony, the person convicted shall be sentenced pursuant to this section and the person is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or commuted. The presumptive term may be aggravated or mitigated within the range under this section pursuant to § 13-701, subsections C, D and E. The terms are as follows:

1. The term for a first offense is as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

13 years

20 years

27 years

2. The term for a defendant who has one historical prior felony conviction is as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

25 years

35 years

45 years

3. The term for a defendant who has two or more historical prior felony convictions is as follows:

Minimum

Presumptive

Maximum

30 years

40 years

50 years

§ 13-3553. Sexual exploitation of a minor; evidence; exemption; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits sexual exploitation of a minor by knowingly:

1. Recording, filming, photographing, developing or duplicating any visual depiction in which a minor is engaged in exploitive exhibition or other sexual conduct.

2. Distributing, transporting, exhibiting, receiving, selling, purchasing, electronically transmitting, possessing or exchanging any visual depiction in which a minor is engaged in exploitive exhibition or other sexual conduct.

3. Possessing, manufacturing, distributing, advertising, ordering, offering to sell, selling or purchasing a child sex doll that uses the face, image or likeness of a real infant or minor who is under twelve years of age with the intent to replicate the physical features of the real infant or minor who is under twelve years of age.

B. If any visual depiction of sexual exploitation of a minor is admitted into evidence, the court shall seal that evidence at the conclusion of any grand jury proceeding, hearing or trial.

C. Sexual exploitation of a minor is a class 2 felony and if the minor is under fifteen years of age it is punishable pursuant to § 13-705.

D. For the purposes of this section, “child sex doll” has the same meaning prescribed in § 13-1429.

§ 13-3554. Luring a minor for sexual exploitation; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits luring a minor for sexual exploitation by offering or soliciting sexual conduct with another person knowing or having reason to know that the other person is a minor.

B. It is not a defense to a prosecution for a violation of this section that the other person is not a minor.

C. Luring a minor for sexual exploitation is a class 3 felony, and if the minor is under fifteen years of age it is punishable pursuant to § 13-705. A person who is convicted of a violation of this section is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or commuted.

§ 13-3560. Aggravated luring a minor for sexual exploitation; classification; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person commits aggravated luring a minor for sexual exploitation if the person does both of the following:

1. Knowing the character and content of the depiction, uses an electronic communication device to transmit at least one visual depiction of material that is harmful to minors for the purpose of initiating or engaging in communication with a recipient who the person knows or has reason to know is a minor.

2. By means of the communication, offers or solicits sexual conduct with the minor. The offer or solicitation may occur before, contemporaneously with, after or as an integrated part of the transmission of the visual depiction.

B. It is not a defense to a prosecution for a violation of this section that the other person is not a minor or that the other person is a peace officer posing as a minor.

C. Aggravated luring a minor for sexual exploitation is a class 2 felony, and if the minor is under fifteen years of age it is punishable pursuant to § 13-705, subsection F. A person who is convicted of a violation of this section is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis except as specifically authorized by § 31-233, subsection A or B until the sentence imposed by the court has been served or commuted.

D. The defense prescribed in § 13-1407, subsection E applies to a prosecution pursuant to this section.

E. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Electronic communication device” means any electronic device that is capable of transmitting visual depictions and includes any of the following:

(a) A computer, computer system or network as defined in § 13-2301.

(b) A cellular telephone or wireless telephone as defined in § 13-4801.

2. “Harmful to minors” has the same meaning prescribed in § 13-3501.

Chapter 36. Family Offenses

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 13-3601. Domestic violence; definition; classification; sentencing option; arrest and procedure for violation; weapon seizure; notice; report; diversion

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. “Domestic violence” means any act that is a dangerous crime against children as defined in § 13-705 or an offense prescribed in § 13-1102, 13-1103, 13-1104, 13-1105, 13-1201, 13-1202, 13-1203, 13-1204, 13-1302, 13-1303, 13-1304, 13-1406, 13-1425, 13-1502, 13-1503, 13-1504, 13-1602 or 13-2810, § 13-2904, subsection A, paragraph 1, 2, 3 or 6, § 13-2910, subsection A, paragraph 8 or 9, § 13-2915, subsection A, paragraph 3 or § 13-2916, 13-2921, 13-2921.01, 13-2923, 13-3019, 13-3601.02 or 13-3623, if any of the following applies:

1. The relationship between the victim and the defendant is one of marriage or former marriage or of persons residing or having resided in the same household.

2. The victim and the defendant have a child in common.

3. The victim or the defendant is pregnant by the other party.

4. The victim is related to the defendant or the defendant’s spouse by blood or court order as a parent, grandparent, child, grandchild, brother or sister or by marriage as a parent-in-law, grandparent-in-law, stepparent, step-grandparent, stepchild, step-grandchild, brother-in-law or sister-in-law.

5. The victim is a child who resides or has resided in the same household as the defendant and is related by blood to a former spouse of the defendant or to a person who resides or who has resided in the same household as the defendant.

6. The relationship between the victim and the defendant is currently or was previously a romantic or sexual relationship. The following factors may be considered in determining whether the relationship between the victim and the defendant is currently or was previously a romantic or sexual relationship:

(a) The type of relationship.

(b) The length of the relationship.

(c) The frequency of the interaction between the victim and the defendant.

(d) If the relationship has terminated, the length of time since the termination.

B. A peace officer, with or without a warrant, may arrest a person if the officer has probable cause to believe that domestic violence has been committed and the officer has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed the offense, whether the offense is a felony or a misdemeanor and whether the offense was committed within or without the presence of the peace officer. In cases of domestic violence involving the infliction of physical injury or involving the discharge, use or threatening exhibition of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument, the peace officer shall arrest a person who is at least fifteen years of age, with or without a warrant, if the officer has probable cause to believe that the offense has been committed and the officer has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed the offense, whether the offense was committed within or without the presence of the peace officer, unless the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the circumstances at the time are such that the victim will be protected from further injury. Failure to make an arrest does not give rise to civil liability except pursuant to § 12-820.02. In order to arrest both parties, the peace officer shall have probable cause to believe that both parties independently have committed an act of domestic violence. An act of self-defense that is justified under chapter 4 of this title [FN1] is not deemed to be an act of domestic violence. The release procedures available under § 13-3883, subsection A, paragraph 4 and § 13-3903 are not applicable to arrests made pursuant to this subsection.

C. A peace officer may question the persons who are present to determine if a firearm is present on the premises. On learning or observing that a firearm is present on the premises, the peace officer may temporarily seize the firearm if the firearm is in plain view or was found pursuant to a consent to search and if the officer reasonably believes that the firearm would expose the victim or another person in the household to a risk of serious bodily injury or death. A firearm that is owned or possessed by the victim shall not be seized unless there is probable cause to believe that both parties independently have committed an act of domestic violence.

D. If a firearm is seized pursuant to subsection C of this section, the peace officer shall give the owner or possessor of the firearm a receipt for each seized firearm. The receipt shall indicate the identification or serial number or other identifying characteristic of each seized firearm. Each seized firearm shall be held for at least seventy-two hours by the law enforcement agency that seized the firearm.

E. If a firearm is seized pursuant to subsection C of this section, the victim shall be notified by a peace officer before the firearm is released from temporary custody.

F. If there is reasonable cause to believe that returning a firearm to the owner or possessor may endanger the victim, the person who reported the assault or threat or another person in the household, the prosecutor shall file a notice of intent to retain the firearm in the appropriate superior, justice or municipal court. The prosecutor shall serve notice on the owner or possessor of the firearm by certified mail. The notice shall state that the firearm will be retained for not more than six months following the date of seizure. On receipt of the notice, the owner or possessor may request a hearing for the return of the firearm, to dispute the grounds for seizure or to request an earlier return date. The court shall hold the hearing within ten days after receiving the owner’s or possessor’s request for a hearing. At the hearing, unless the court determines that the return of the firearm may endanger the victim, the person who reported the assault or threat or another person in the household, the court shall order the return of the firearm to the owner or possessor.

G. A peace officer is not liable for any act or omission in the good faith exercise of the officer’s duties under subsections C, D, E and F of this section.

H. Each indictment, information, complaint, summons or warrant that is issued and that involves domestic violence shall state that the offense involved domestic violence and shall be designated by the letters DV. A domestic violence charge shall not be dismissed or a domestic violence conviction shall not be set aside for failure to comply with this subsection.

I. A person who is arrested pursuant to subsection B of this section may be released from custody in accordance with the Arizona rules of criminal procedure or any other applicable statute. Any order for release, with or without an appearance bond, shall include pretrial release conditions that are necessary to provide for the protection of the alleged victim and other specifically designated persons and may provide for additional conditions that the court deems appropriate, including participation in any counseling programs available to the defendant.

J. When a peace officer responds to a call alleging that domestic violence has been or may be committed, the officer shall inform in writing any alleged or potential victim of the procedures and resources available for the protection of the victim including:

1. An order of protection pursuant to § 13-3602, an injunction pursuant to § 25-315 and an injunction against harassment pursuant to § 12-1809.

2. The emergency telephone number for the local police agency.

3. Telephone numbers for emergency services in the local community.

4. Websites for local resources related to domestic violence.

K. A peace officer is not civilly liable for noncompliance with subsection J of this section.

L. If a person is convicted of an offense involving domestic violence and the victim was pregnant at the time of the commission of the offense, at the time of sentencing the court shall take into consideration the fact that the victim was pregnant and may increase the sentence.

M. An offense that is included in domestic violence carries the classification prescribed in the section of this title in which the offense is classified. If the defendant committed a felony offense listed in subsection A of this section against a pregnant victim and knew that the victim was pregnant or if the defendant committed a felony offense causing physical injury to a pregnant victim and knew that the victim was pregnant, the maximum sentence otherwise authorized for that violation shall be increased by up to two years.

N. When a peace officer responds to a call alleging that domestic violence has been or may be committed, the officer shall determine if a minor is present. If a minor is present, the peace officer shall conduct a child welfare check to determine if the child is safe and if the child might be a victim of domestic violence or child abuse.

§ 13-3601.01. Domestic violence; treatment; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The judge shall order a person who is convicted of a misdemeanor domestic violence offense to complete a domestic violence offender treatment program that is provided by a facility approved by the court pursuant to rules adopted by the supreme court, the department of health services, the United States department of veterans affairs or a probation department. If a person has previously been ordered to complete a domestic violence offender treatment program pursuant to this section, the judge shall order the person to complete a domestic violence offender treatment program unless the judge deems that alternative sanctions are more appropriate. The department of health services shall adopt and enforce guidelines that establish standards for domestic violence offender treatment program approval.

B. On conviction of a misdemeanor domestic violence offense, if a person within a period of sixty months has previously been convicted of a violation of a domestic violence offense or is convicted of a misdemeanor domestic violence offense and has previously been convicted of an act in another state, a court of the United States or a tribal court that if committed in this state would be a domestic violence offense, the judge may order the person to be placed on supervised probation and the person may be incarcerated as a condition of probation. If the court orders supervised probation, the court may conduct an intake assessment when the person begins the term of probation and may conduct a discharge summary when the person is released from probation. If the person is incarcerated and the court receives confirmation that the person is employed or is a student, the court, on pronouncement of any jail sentence, may provide in the sentence that the person, if the person is employed or is a student and can continue the person’s employment or studies, may continue the employment or studies for not more than twelve hours a day nor more than five days a week. The person shall spend the remaining day, days or parts of days in jail until the sentence is served and shall be allowed out of jail only long enough to complete the actual hours of employment or studies.

C. A person who is ordered to complete a domestic violence offender treatment program shall pay the cost of the program.

D. If a person is ordered to attend a domestic violence offender treatment program pursuant to this section, the program shall report to the court whether the person has attended the program and has successfully completed the program.

E. For the purposes of this section, prior convictions for misdemeanor domestic violence offenses apply to convictions for offenses that were committed on or after January 1, 1999.

F. For the purposes of this section, “domestic violence offense” means an offense involving domestic violence as defined in § 13-3601.

§ 13-3601.02. Aggravated domestic violence; classification; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person is guilty of aggravated domestic violence if the person within a period of eighty-four months commits a third or subsequent violation of a domestic violence offense or is convicted of a violation of a domestic violence offense and has previously been convicted of any combination of convictions of a domestic violence offense or acts in another state, a court of the United States or a tribal court that if committed in this state would be a violation of a domestic violence offense.

B. A person who is convicted under this section and who within a period of eighty-four months has been convicted of two prior violations of a domestic violence offense or acts in another state, a court of the United States or a tribal court that if committed in this state would be a domestic violence offense is not eligible for probation, pardon, commutation or suspension of sentence or release on any other basis until the person has served not less than four months in jail.

C. A person who is convicted under this section and who within a period of eighty-four months has been convicted of three or more prior violations of a domestic violence offense or acts in another state, a court of the United States or a tribal court that if committed in this state would be a domestic violence offense is not eligible for probation, pardon, commutation or suspension of sentence or release on any other basis until the person has served not less than eight months in jail.

D. The dates of the commission of the offenses are the determining factor in applying the eighty-four month provision in subsection A of this section regardless of the sequence in which the offenses were committed. For purposes of this section, a third or subsequent violation for which a conviction occurs does not include a conviction for an offense arising out of the same series of acts.

E. For the purposes of this section, prior convictions for misdemeanor domestic violence offenses apply only to convictions for offenses that were committed on or after January 1, 1999.

F. Aggravated domestic violence is a class 5 felony.

G. For the purposes of this section, “domestic violence offense” means an offense involving domestic violence as defined in § 13-3601.

§ 13-3602. Order of protection; procedure; contents; arrest for violation; penalty; protection order from another jurisdiction

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person may file a verified petition, as in civil actions, with a magistrate, justice of the peace or superior court judge for an order of protection for the purpose of restraining a person from committing an act included in domestic violence. If the person is a minor, the parent, legal guardian or person who has legal custody of the minor shall file the petition unless the court determines otherwise. The petition shall name the parent, guardian or custodian as the plaintiff and the minor is a specifically designated person for the purposes of subsection G of this section. If a person is either temporarily or permanently unable to request an order, a third party may request an order of protection on behalf of the plaintiff. After the request, the judicial officer shall determine if the third party is an appropriate requesting party for the plaintiff. For the purposes of this section, notwithstanding the location of the plaintiff or defendant, any court in this state may issue or enforce an order of protection.

B. An order of protection shall not be granted:

1. Unless the party who requests the order files a written verified petition for an order.

2. Against a person who is less than twelve years of age unless the order is granted by the juvenile division of the superior court.

3. Against more than one defendant.

C. The petition shall state the:

1. Name of the plaintiff. The plaintiff’s address and contact information shall be disclosed to the court for purposes of service and notification. The address and contact information shall not be listed on the petition. Whether or not the court issues an order of protection, the plaintiff’s address and contact information shall be maintained in a separate document or automated database and is not subject to release or disclosure by the court or any form of public access except as ordered by the court.

2. Name and address, if known, of the defendant.

3. Specific statement, including dates, of the domestic violence alleged.

4. Relationship between the parties pursuant to § 13-3601, subsection A and whether there is pending between the parties an action for maternity or paternity, annulment, legal separation or dissolution of marriage.

5. Name of the court in which any prior or pending proceeding or order was sought or issued concerning the conduct that is sought to be restrained.

6. Desired relief.

D. A fee shall not be charged for filing a petition under this section or for service of process. Each court shall provide, without charge, forms for purposes of this section for assisting parties without counsel. The court shall make reasonable efforts to provide the appropriate information to both parties on emergency and counseling services that are available in the local area.

E. The court shall review the petition, any other pleadings on file and any evidence offered by the plaintiff, including any evidence of harassment by electronic contact or communication, to determine whether the orders requested should issue without further hearing. The court shall issue an order of protection under subsection G of this section if the court determines that there is reasonable cause to believe any of the following:

1. The defendant may commit an act of domestic violence.

2. The defendant has committed an act of domestic violence within the past year or within a longer period of time if the court finds that good cause exists to consider a longer period.

F. For the purposes of determining the period of time under subsection E, paragraph 2 of this section, any time that the defendant has been incarcerated or out of this state shall not be counted. If the court denies the requested relief, it may schedule a further hearing within ten days, with reasonable notice to the defendant.

G. If a court issues an order of protection, the court may do any of the following:

1. Enjoin the defendant from committing a violation of one or more of the offenses included in domestic violence.

2. Grant one party the use and exclusive possession of the parties’ residence on a showing that there is reasonable cause to believe that physical harm may otherwise result. If the other party is accompanied by a law enforcement officer, the other party may return to the residence on one occasion to retrieve belongings. A law enforcement officer is not liable for any act or omission in the good faith exercise of the officer’s duties under this paragraph. While the order of protection is in effect, if a party was granted the use and exclusive possession of the parties’ residence and subsequently moves out of the house, the party must file a notice in writing with the court within five days after moving out of the residence. After receiving the notification from the plaintiff, the court shall provide notice to the defendant that the plaintiff has moved out of the residence and of the defendant’s right to request a hearing pursuant to subsection L of this section.

3. Restrain the defendant from contacting the plaintiff or other specifically designated persons and from coming near the residence, place of employment or school of the plaintiff or other specifically designated locations or persons on a showing that there is reasonable cause to believe that physical harm may otherwise result.

4. If the court finds that the defendant is a credible threat to the physical safety of the plaintiff or other specifically designated persons, prohibit the defendant from possessing or purchasing a firearm for the duration of the order. If the court prohibits the defendant from possessing a firearm, the court shall also order the defendant to transfer any firearm owned or possessed by the defendant immediately after service of the order to the appropriate law enforcement agency for the duration of the order. If the defendant does not immediately transfer the firearm, the defendant shall transfer the firearm within twenty-four hours after service of the order.

5. If the order was issued after notice and a hearing at which the defendant had an opportunity to participate, require the defendant to complete a domestic violence offender treatment program that is provided by a facility approved by the department of health services or a probation department or any other program deemed appropriate by the court.

6. Grant relief that is necessary for the protection of the alleged victim and other specifically designated persons and that is proper under the circumstances.

7. Grant the plaintiff the exclusive care, custody or control of any animal that is owned, possessed, leased, kept or held by the plaintiff, the defendant or a minor child residing in the residence or household of the plaintiff or the defendant, and order the defendant to stay away from the animal and forbid the defendant from taking, transferring, encumbering, concealing, committing an act of cruelty or neglect in violation of § 13-2910 or otherwise disposing of the animal.

H. The court shall not grant a mutual order of protection. If opposing parties separately file verified petitions for an order of protection, the courts after consultation between the judges involved may consolidate the petitions of the opposing parties for hearing. This does not prohibit a court from issuing cross orders of protection.

I. After granting an order of protection, the court shall provide the order to a law enforcement agency or a constable as set forth in subsection J of this section for service or to an entity that is authorized in subsection K of this section to serve process. The agency or entity serving the order shall provide confirmation of service to the plaintiff as soon as practicable. If service of an order cannot be completed within fifteen days after the agency or entity receives the order, the agency or entity that is attempting service shall notify the plaintiff and continue to attempt service. This notification may be completed by a victim notification system, if available.

J. If the order of protection is provided to a law enforcement agency or a constable, service of an order of protection is as follows:

1. For each order of protection that is issued by a municipal court, if the defendant can be served within that city or town, the order shall be served by the law enforcement agency of that city or town. If the order can be served in another city or town, the order shall be served by the law enforcement agency of that city or town. If the order cannot be served within a city or town, the order shall be served by the sheriff or constable of the county in which the defendant can be served.

2. For each order of protection that is issued by a justice of the peace, the order of protection shall be served by the sheriff or constable of the county in which the defendant can be served or by a municipal law enforcement agency.

3. For each order of protection that is issued by a superior court judge or commissioner, the order of protection shall by served by the sheriff or constable of the county where the defendant can be served.

K. In addition to persons authorized to serve process pursuant to rule 4(d) of the Arizona rules of civil procedure, a peace officer or a correctional officer as defined in § 41-1661 who is acting in the officer’s official capacity may serve an order of protection that is issued pursuant to this section. Service of the order of protection has priority over other service of process that does not involve an immediate threat to the safety of a person.

L. At any time during the period during which the order is in effect, a party who is under an order of protection or who is restrained from contacting the other party is entitled to one hearing on written request. No fee may be charged for requesting a hearing. A hearing that is requested by a party who is under an order of protection or who is restrained from contacting the other party shall be held within ten days from the date requested unless the court finds good cause to continue the hearing. If exclusive use of the home is awarded, the hearing shall be held within five days from the date requested. The hearing shall be held at the earliest possible time. An ex parte order that is issued under this section shall state on its face that the defendant is entitled to a hearing on written request and shall include the name and address of the judicial office where the request may be filed. After the hearing, the court may modify, quash or continue the order. If the exclusive use of the home is awarded to the party, the court, on written request of a party, may hold additional hearings at any time if there is a change in circumstances related to the primary residence.

M. The order shall include the following statement:

Warning

This is an official court order. If you disobey this order, you will be subject to arrest and prosecution for the crime of interfering with judicial proceedings and any other crime you may have committed in disobeying this order.

N. An order of protection that is not served on the defendant within one year after the date that the order is issued expires. An order is effective on the defendant on service of a copy of the order and petition. An order expires two years after service on the defendant. A modified order is effective on service and expires two years after service of the initial order and petition.

O. A supplemental information form that is used by the court or a law enforcement agency solely for the purposes of service of process on the defendant and that contains information provided by the plaintiff is confidential.

P. Each affidavit, declaration, acceptance or return of service shall be filed as soon as practicable but not later than seventy-two hours, excluding weekends and holidays, with the clerk of the issuing court or as otherwise required by court rule. This filing shall be completed in person, electronically or by fax.

Q. The supreme court shall maintain a central repository for orders of protection. Within twenty-four hours after the affidavit, declaration, acceptance or return of service has been filed, excluding weekends and holidays, the court from which the order or any modified order was issued shall enter the order and proof of service into the supreme court’s central repository for orders of protection. The supreme court shall register the order with the national crime information center. The effectiveness of an order does not depend on its registration, and for enforcement purposes pursuant to § 13-2810, a copy of an order of the court, whether or not registered, is presumed to be a valid existing order of the court for a period of two years from the date of service of the order on the defendant.

R. A peace officer, with or without a warrant, may arrest a person if the peace officer has probable cause to believe that the person has violated § 13-2810 by disobeying or resisting an order that is issued in any jurisdiction in this state pursuant to this section, whether or not such violation occurred in the presence of the officer. Criminal violations of an order issued pursuant to this section shall be referred to an appropriate law enforcement agency. The provisions for release under § 13-3883, subsection A, paragraph 4 and § 13-3903 do not apply to an arrest made pursuant to this section. For the purposes of this section, any court in this state has jurisdiction to enforce a valid order of protection that is issued in this state and that has been violated in any jurisdiction in this state.

S. A person who is arrested pursuant to subsection R of this section may be released from custody in accordance with the Arizona rules of criminal procedure or any other applicable statute. An order for release, with or without an appearance bond, shall include pretrial release conditions that are necessary to provide for the protection of the alleged victim and other specifically designated persons and may provide for any other additional conditions that the court deems appropriate, including participation in any counseling programs available to the defendant. The agency with custody of the defendant shall make reasonable efforts to contact the victim and other specifically designated persons in the order of protection, if known to the custodial agency, who requested notification immediately on release of the arrested person from custody.

T. The remedies provided in this section for enforcement of the orders of the court are in addition to any other civil and criminal remedies available. The superior court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to issue orders of protection in all cases if it appears from the petition that an action for maternity or paternity, annulment, legal separation or dissolution of marriage is pending between the parties. A municipal court or justice court shall not issue an order of protection if it appears from the petition that an action for maternity or paternity, annulment, legal separation or dissolution of marriage is pending between the parties. After issuance of an order of protection, if the municipal court or justice court determines that an action for maternity or paternity, annulment, legal separation or dissolution of marriage is pending between the parties, the municipal court or justice court shall stop further proceedings in the action and forward all papers, together with a certified copy of docket entries or any other record in the action, to the superior court where they shall be docketed in the pending superior court action and shall proceed as though the petition for an order of protection had been originally brought in the superior court. Notwithstanding any other law and unless prohibited by an order of the superior court, a municipal court or justice court may hold a hearing on all matters relating to its ex parte order of protection if the hearing was requested before receiving written notice of the pending superior court action. No order of protection shall be invalid or determined to be ineffective merely because it was issued by a lower court at a time when an action for maternity or paternity, annulment, legal separation or dissolution of marriage was pending in a higher court. After a hearing with notice to the affected party, the court may enter an order requiring any party to pay the costs of the action, including reasonable attorney fees, if any. An order that is entered by a justice court or municipal court after a hearing pursuant to this section may be appealed to the superior court as provided in title 22, chapter 2, article 4,1 § 22-425, subsection B and the superior court rules of civil appellate procedure without regard to an amount in controversy. No fee may be charged to either party for filing an appeal. For the purposes of this subsection, “pending” means, with respect to an action for annulment, legal separation or dissolution of marriage or for maternity or paternity, either that:

1. An action has been commenced but a final judgment, decree or order has not been entered.

2. A post-decree proceeding has been commenced but a judgment, decree or order finally determining the proceeding has not been entered.

U. A peace officer who makes an arrest pursuant to this section or § 13-3601 is not civilly or criminally liable for the arrest if the officer acts on probable cause and without malice.

V. A valid protection order that is related to domestic or family violence and that is issued by a court in another state, a court of a United States territory or a tribal court shall be accorded full faith and credit and shall be enforced as if it were issued in this state for as long as the order is effective in the issuing jurisdiction. For the purposes of this subsection:

1. A protection order includes any injunction or other order that is issued for the purpose of preventing violent or threatening acts or harassment against, contact or communication with or physical proximity to another person. A protection order includes temporary and final orders other than support or child custody orders that are issued by civil and criminal courts if the order is obtained by the filing of an independent action or is a pendente lite order in another proceeding. The civil order shall be issued in response to a complaint, petition or motion that was filed by or on behalf of a person seeking protection.

2. A protection order is valid if the issuing court had jurisdiction over the parties and the matter under the laws of the issuing state, a United States territory or an Indian tribe and the person against whom the order was issued had reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard. If the order is issued ex parte, the notice and opportunity to be heard shall be provided within the time required by the laws of the issuing state, a United States territory or an Indian tribe and within a reasonable time after the order was issued.

3. A mutual protection order that is issued against both the party who filed a petition or a complaint or otherwise filed a written pleading for protection against abuse and the person against whom the filing was made is not entitled to full faith and credit if either:

(a) The person against whom an initial order was sought has not filed a cross or counter petition or other written pleading seeking a protection order.

(b) The issuing court failed to make specific findings supporting the entitlement of both parties to be granted a protection order.

4. A peace officer may presume the validity of and rely on a copy of a protection order that is issued by another state, a United States territory or an Indian tribe if the order was given to the officer by any source. A peace officer may also rely on the statement of any person who is protected by the order that the order remains in effect. A peace officer who acts in good faith reliance on a protection order is not civilly or criminally liable for enforcing the protection order pursuant to this section.

W. For the purposes of this section, “victim notification system” means an automated system that may provide plaintiffs and crime victims with an automated notification regarding the person’s case.

§ 13-3619. Permitting life, health or morals of minor to be imperiled by neglect, abuse or immoral associations; classification

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A person having custody of a minor under sixteen years of age who knowingly causes or permits the life of such minor to be endangered, its health to be injured or its moral welfare to be imperiled, by neglect, abuse or immoral associations, is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor.

§ 13-3623. Child or vulnerable adult abuse; emotional abuse; classification; exceptions; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Under circumstances likely to produce death or serious physical injury, any person who causes a child or vulnerable adult to suffer physical injury or, having the care or custody of a child or vulnerable adult, who causes or permits the person or health of the child or vulnerable adult to be injured or who causes or permits a child or vulnerable adult to be placed in a situation where the person or health of the child or vulnerable adult is endangered is guilty of an offense as follows:

1. If done intentionally or knowingly, the offense is a class 2 felony and if the victim is under fifteen years of age it is punishable pursuant to § 13-705.

2. If done recklessly, the offense is a class 3 felony.

3. If done with criminal negligence, the offense is a class 4 felony.

B. Under circumstances other than those likely to produce death or serious physical injury to a child or vulnerable adult, any person who causes a child or vulnerable adult to suffer physical injury or abuse or, having the care or custody of a child or vulnerable adult, who causes or permits the person or health of the child or vulnerable adult to be injured or who causes or permits a child or vulnerable adult to be placed in a situation where the person or health of the child or vulnerable adult is endangered is guilty of an offense as follows:

1. If done intentionally or knowingly, the offense is a class 4 felony.

2. If done recklessly, the offense is a class 5 felony.

3. If done with criminal negligence, the offense is a class 6 felony.

C. For the purposes of subsections A and B of this section, the terms endangered and abuse include but are not limited to circumstances in which a child or vulnerable adult is permitted to enter or remain in any structure or vehicle in which volatile, toxic or flammable chemicals are found or equipment is possessed by any person for the purpose of manufacturing a dangerous drug in violation of § 13-3407, subsection A, paragraph 3 or 4. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a violation committed under the circumstances described in this subsection does not require that a person have care or custody of the child or vulnerable adult.

D. A person who intentionally or knowingly engages in emotional abuse of a vulnerable adult who is a patient or resident in any setting in which health care, health-related services or assistance with one or more of the activities of daily living is provided or, having the care or custody of a vulnerable adult, who intentionally or knowingly subjects or permits the vulnerable adult to be subjected to emotional abuse is guilty of a class 6 felony.

E. This section does not apply to:

1. A health care provider as defined in § 36-3201 who permits a patient to die or the patient’s condition to deteriorate by not providing health care if that patient refuses that care directly or indirectly through a health care directive as defined in § 36-3201, through a surrogate pursuant to § 36-3231 or through a court appointed guardian as provided for in title 14, chapter 5, article 3. [FN1]

2. A vulnerable adult who is being furnished spiritual treatment through prayer alone and who would not otherwise be considered to be abused, neglected or endangered if medical treatment were being furnished.

F. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Abuse”, when used in reference to a child, means abuse as defined in § 8-201, except for those acts in the definition that are declared unlawful by another statute of this title and, when used in reference to a vulnerable adult, means:

(a) Intentional infliction of physical harm.

(b) Injury caused by criminally negligent acts or omissions.

(c) Unlawful imprisonment, as described in § 13-1303.

(d) Sexual abuse or sexual assault.

2. “Child” means an individual who is under eighteen years of age.

3. “Emotional abuse” means a pattern of ridiculing or demeaning a vulnerable adult, making derogatory remarks to a vulnerable adult, verbally harassing a vulnerable adult or threatening to inflict physical or emotional harm on a vulnerable adult.

4. “Physical injury” means the impairment of physical condition and includes any skin bruising, pressure sores, bleeding, failure to thrive, malnutrition, dehydration, burns, fracture of any bone, subdural hematoma, soft tissue swelling, injury to any internal organ or any physical condition that imperils health or welfare.

5. “Serious physical injury” means physical injury that creates a reasonable risk of death or that causes serious or permanent disfigurement, serious impairment of health or loss or protracted impairment of the function of any bodily organ or limb.

6. “Vulnerable adult” means an individual who is eighteen years of age or older and who is unable to protect himself from abuse, neglect or exploitation by others because of a mental or physical impairment.

§ 13-3624. Emergency orders of protection

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In counties with a population of one hundred fifty thousand persons or more, the presiding judge of the superior court, during the hours that the courts are closed, shall make available on a rotating basis a judge, justice of the peace, magistrate or commissioner who shall issue emergency orders of protection by telephone. In counties with a population of less than one hundred fifty thousand persons, any judge, justice of the peace, magistrate or commissioner may issue emergency orders of protection by telephone during the hours that the courts are closed.

B. The court, within twenty-four hours after a defendant is arrested for an act of domestic violence, shall register a certified copy of the release order with the sheriff’s office of the county in which the order was issued. The court shall notify the sheriff’s office of material changes in the release order, if the conditions of the release order are no longer in effect and when the charges are resolved. The sheriff in each county shall maintain a central repository for release orders so that the existence and validity of the orders can be easily verified. The law enforcement agency shall advise domestic violence victims where the victim may verify the registration and conditions of a release order.

C. The judge, justice of the peace, magistrate or commissioner who is authorized to issue emergency orders of protection may issue a written or oral ex parte emergency order of protection if a peace officer states that the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that a person is in immediate and present danger of domestic violence based on an allegation of a recent incident of actual domestic violence pursuant to § 13-3601, subsection A.

D. An emergency order of protection may include any of the following:

1. The defendant may be enjoined from committing a violation of one or more of the offenses included in domestic violence.

2. One party may be granted the use and exclusive possession of the parties’ residence on a showing that there is reasonable cause to believe that physical harm may otherwise result.

3. The defendant may be restrained from contacting the plaintiff and coming near the residence, place of employment or school of the plaintiff or other specifically designated locations or persons on a showing that there is reasonable cause to believe that physical harm may otherwise result.

4. If the court finds that the defendant may inflict bodily injury or death on the plaintiff, the defendant may be prohibited from possessing or purchasing a firearm for the duration of the order.

E. An emergency order of protection expires seven calendar days after issuance, unless otherwise continued by the court.

F. A judge, justice of the peace, magistrate or commissioner may issue an oral emergency order of protection pursuant to subsection C of this section on request of the alleged victim, if there is a finding that a person’s life or health is in imminent danger. If a person is either temporarily or permanently unable to request an order, a third party may request an order of protection on behalf of the plaintiff. After the request, the judicial officer shall determine if the third party is an appropriate requesting party for the plaintiff. The judicial officer who issues an oral emergency order of protection shall document the issuance of the order as soon as practicable. The officer who receives the verbal order shall write and sign the order. The emergency order shall be served on the defendant, and a copy shall be given to the protected party. The emergency order shall be filed as soon as practicable after its issuance. The law enforcement agency shall file a certificate of service with the court and shall register the emergency order with the national crime information center as soon as practicable. If a person who is named in the order and who has not received personal service of the order but has received actual notice of the existence and substance of the order commits an act that violates the order, the person is subject to any penalty for the violation.

G. The availability of an emergency order of protection is not affected by either party leaving the residence.

H. A law enforcement agency that has jurisdiction to enforce an emergency order of protection shall enforce the emergency order when it has reasonable cause to believe that the order has been violated.

I. Failure of a law enforcement agency to enforce an emergency order of protection pursuant to this section does not give rise to civil liability except pursuant to § 12-820.02.

Title 18. Information Technology

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 5. Network Security

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. Computer Spyware

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 18-501. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Advertisement” means a communication the primary purpose of which is the commercial promotion of a commercial product or service, including communication on an internet website that is operated for a commercial purpose.

2. “Computer software” means a sequence of instructions that is written in any programming language and that is executed on a computer and does not include a web page or data components of web pages that are not executable independently of the web page.

3. “Damage” means any significant impairment to the integrity or availability of data, computer software, a system or information.

4. “Execute” means the performance of the functions or the carrying out of the instructions of the computer software.

5. “Intentionally deceptive” means any of the following:

(a) By means of an intentionally and materially false or fraudulent statement.

(b) By means of a statement or description that intentionally omits or misrepresents material information in order to deceive an owner or operator of a computer.

(c) By means of an intentional and material failure to provide any notice to an owner or operator of a computer regarding the installation or execution of computer software in order to deceive the owner or operator.

6. “Internet” means the global information system that is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the internet protocol, or its subsequent extensions, and that is able to support communications using the transmission control protocol or internet protocol suite, or its subsequent extensions, or other internet protocol compatible protocols, and that provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described in this paragraph.

7. “Owner or operator” means the owner or lessee of a computer or someone using the computer with the owner’s or lessee’s authorization. Owner or operator does not include any person who owns a computer before the first retail sale of the computer.

8. “Person” means any individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company or other organization or any combination of these entities.

9. “Personally identifiable information” means any of the following with respect to an individual who is an owner or operator of a computer:

(a) First name or first initial in combination with last name.

(b) A home or other physical address including street name.

(c) An electronic mail address.

(d) A credit or debit card number or bank account number or any password or access code associated with a credit or debit card or bank account.

(e) A social security number, tax identification number, driver license number, passport number or any other government issued identification number.

(f) Any of the following information in a form that personally identifies an owner or operator of a computer:

(i) Account balances.

(ii) Overdraft history.

(iii) Payment history.

10. “Transmit” means to transfer, send or make available computer software, or any component of computer software, via the internet or any other medium, including local area networks of computers, any other nonwire transmission and a disk or other data storage device. Transmit does not include any action by a person providing any of the following:

(a) The internet connection, telephone connection or other means of transmission capability such as a compact disk or digital video disk through which the software was made available.

(b) The storage or hosting of the software program or an internet web page through which the software was made available.

(c) An information location tool, such as a directory, index, reference, pointer or hypertext link, through which the user of the computer located the software, unless the person receives a direct economic benefit from the execution of the software on the computer.

§ 18-502. Prohibited activities; applicability

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. It is unlawful for any person who is not an owner or operator of a computer to transmit computer software to a computer, with actual knowledge or with conscious avoidance of actual knowledge, and to use the software to do any of the following:

1. Modify, through intentionally deceptive means, settings that control any of the following:

(a) The page that appears when an owner or operator of a computer launches an internet browser or similar computer software used to access and navigate the internet.

(b) The default provider or web proxy that an owner or operator of a computer uses to access or search the internet.

(c) An owner’s or operator’s list of bookmarks used to access web pages.

2. Collect, through intentionally deceptive means, personally identifiable information:

(a) Through the use of a keystroke logging function that records all keystrokes made by an authorized user who uses the computer and transfers that information from the computer to another person.

(b) In a manner that correlates the information with data respecting all or substantially all of the websites visited by an owner or operator of the computer, other than websites operated by the person collecting the information.

(c) With respect only to information described in § 18-501, paragraph 9, by extracting such information from the hard drive of an owner’s or operator’s computer.

3. Prevent, through intentionally deceptive means, an owner’s or operator’s reasonable efforts to block the installation or execution of, or to disable, computer software by causing software that an owner or operator of the computer has properly removed or disabled automatically to reinstall or reactivate on the computer.

4. Intentionally misrepresent that computer software will be uninstalled or disabled by an owner’s or operator’s action.

5. Through intentionally deceptive means, remove, disable or render inoperative security, antispyware or antivirus computer software installed on the computer.

6. Take control of the computer by:

(a) Accessing or using the modem or internet service for the computer for the purpose of causing damage to the computer or causing an owner or operator to incur financial charges for a service that the owner or operator of the computer has not authorized.

(b) Opening multiple, sequential, stand-alone advertisements in an owner’s or operator’s internet browser without the authorization of the owner or operator that a reasonable computer user cannot close without turning off the computer or closing the internet browser.

7. Modify any of the following settings related to the computer’s access to, or use of, the internet:

(a) Settings that protect information about an owner or operator of the computer for the purpose of stealing personally identifiable information of the owner or operator.

(b) Security settings for the purpose of causing damage to a computer.

8. Prevent an owner’s or operator’s reasonable efforts to block the installation of, or to disable, computer software, by doing either of the following:

(a) Presenting the owner or operator with an option to decline installation of computer software with knowledge that, if the option is selected, the installation nevertheless proceeds.

(b) Falsely representing that computer software has been disabled.

B. It is unlawful for any person who is not an owner or operator of a computer to do either of the following with regard to the computer:

1. Induce an owner or operator to install a computer software component on the computer by intentionally misrepresenting the extent to which installing the software is necessary for security or privacy reasons or in order to open, view or play a particular type of content.

2. Deceptively cause the execution on the computer of a computer software component with the intent of causing an owner or operator to use the component in a manner that violates any other provision of this section.C. This section does not apply to any monitoring of, or interaction with, a subscriber’s internet or other network connection or service, or a computer, by a telecommunications carrier, cable operator, video service provider, computer hardware or software provider or provider of information service or interactive computer service for network or computer security purposes, diagnostics, technical support, maintenance, repair, authorized updates of software or system firmware, authorized remote system management or detection or prevention of the unauthorized use of or fraudulent or other illegal activities in connection with a network, service or computer software, including scanning for and removing software prescribed under this article.

Title 23. Labor

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 2. Employment Practices and Working Conditions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 8.1. Earned Paid Sick Time

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 23-371. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

For purposes of this article:

A. “Abuse” means an offense prescribed in § 13-3623, Arizona Revised Statutes.

B. “Commission” is as defined in § 23-362, Arizona Revised Statutes.

C. “Domestic violence” is as defined in § 13-3601, Arizona Revised Statutes.

D. “Earned paid sick time” means time that is compensated at the same hourly rate and with the same benefits, including health care benefits, as the employee normally earns during hours worked and is provided by an employer to an employee for the purposes described in § 23-373 of this article, but in no case shall this hourly amount be less than that provided under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 United States Code § 206(A)(1)) or § 23-363, Arizona Revised Statutes.

E. “Employ” is as defined in § 23-362, Arizona Revised Statutes.

F. “Employee” is as defined in § 23-362, Arizona Revised Statutes. Employee includes recipients of public benefits who are engaged in work activity as a condition of receiving public assistance.

G. “Employer” includes any corporation, proprietorship, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company, trust, association, political subdivision of the state, individual or other entity acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee, but does not include the state of Arizona or the United States.

H. “Family member” means:

1. Regardless of age, a biological, adopted or foster child, stepchild or legal ward, a child of a domestic partner, a child to whom the employee stands in loco parentis, or an individual to whom the employee stood in loco parentiswhen the individual was a minor;

2. A biological, foster, stepparent or adoptive parent or legal guardian of an employee or an employee’s spouse or domestic partner or a person who stood in loco parentis when the employee or employee’s spouse or domestic partner was a minor child;

3. A person to whom the employee is legally married under the laws of any state, or a domestic partner of an employee as registered under the laws of any state or political subdivision;

4. A grandparent, grandchild or sibling (whether of a biological, foster, adoptive or step relationship) of the employee or the employee’s spouse or domestic partner; or

5. Any other individual related by blood or affinity whose close association with the employee is the equivalent of a family relationship.

I. “Retaliation” is as defined in § 23-364, Arizona Revised Statutes.

J. “Sexual violence” means an offense prescribed in: (a) title 13, chapter 14, Arizona Revised Statutes, except for §§ 13-1408 and 13-1422; or (b) §§ 13-1304(A)(3), 13-1307, 13-3019, 13-3206, 13-3212, 13-3552, 13-3553, 13-3554, or 13-3560, Arizona Revised Statutes.

K. “Stalking” means an offense prescribed in § 13-2923, Arizona Revised Statutes.

L. “Year” means a regular and consecutive 12-month period as determined by the employer.

Title 25. Marital and Domestic Relations

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 3. Dissolution of Marriage

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 2. Dissolution of Marriage

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-314.01. Summary consent petition and decree

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. If the parties reach a comprehensive settlement of all issues before either party initiates formal dissolution of marriage or legal separation proceedings, the parties may jointly elect to proceed with the dissolution or legal separation action as a summary consent decree proceeding. The parties shall file a combined petition and response for dissolution of marriage or legal separation pursuant to § 25-314. The petition shall state that formal service of process is waived and that all issues are resolved by agreement.

B. The filing fee for the summary consent decree is fifty percent of the combined filing fee for a petition and answer, together with any additional filing fees assessed by the county.

C. At the time of the filing of the combined petition and response, or at any time within sixty days after the date of filing, the parties shall submit to the court all required final settlement documents, including their written agreements and proposed decree.

D. The court may not enter the final decree earlier than sixty days after the date of filing pursuant to § 25-329.

E. At any time before entry of the decree, either party may submit a notice of intent to withdraw from the summary consent decree agreement, which shall then be considered as a withdrawal from an agreement in accordance with the Arizona rules of family law procedure. If the parties jointly withdraw from the summary consent decree agreement, the court shall dismiss the case.

§ 25-312 Dissolution of marriage; findings necessary

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The court shall enter a decree of dissolution of marriage if it finds each of the following:

1. That one of the parties, at the time the action was commenced, was domiciled in this state or was stationed in this state while a member of the armed services and that in either case the domicile or military presence has been maintained for ninety days before filing the petition for dissolution of marriage.

2. The conciliation provisions of § 25-381.09 and the provisions of article 5 of this chapter1 either do not apply or have been met.

3. The marriage is irretrievably broken.

4. If the marriage is a covenant marriage, any of the grounds prescribed in § 25-903.

B. If both of the parties by petition or otherwise state under oath or affirmation that the marriage is irretrievably broken or if one of the parties so states and the other does not deny it, the court shall make a finding as to whether the marriage is irretrievably broken.

C. If one of the parties denies under oath or affirmation that the marriage is irretrievably broken, the court shall hold a hearing to consider all relevant factors as to the prospect of reconciliation and shall do either of the following:

1. Make a finding as to whether the marriage is irretrievably broken.

2. Continue the matter for not more than sixty days for a further hearing. At the request of either party or on its own motion, the court may order a conciliation conference. At the next hearing the court shall make a finding as to whether the marriage is irretrievably broken.

D. A finding that the marriage is irretrievably broken is a determination that there is no reasonable prospect of reconciliation.E. To the extent it has jurisdiction to do so, the court shall make provisions for legal decision-making and parenting time, the support of any natural or adopted child common to the parties of the marriage entitled to support, the maintenance of either spouse and the disposition of property.

§ 25-319. Maintenance; computation factors

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or legal separation, or a proceeding for maintenance following dissolution of the marriage by a court that lacked personal jurisdiction over the absent spouse, the court may grant a maintenance order for either spouse for any of the following reasons if it finds that the spouse seeking maintenance:

1. Lacks sufficient property, including property apportioned to the spouse, to provide for that spouse’s reasonable needs.

2. Lacks earning ability in the labor market that is adequate to be self-sufficient.

3. Is the parent of a child whose age or condition is such that the parent should not be required to seek employment outside the home.

4. Has made a significant financial or other contribution to the education, training, vocational skills, career or earning ability of the other spouse or has significantly reduced that spouse’s income or career opportunities for the benefit of the other spouse.

5. Had a marriage of long duration and is of an age that may preclude the possibility of gaining employment adequate to be self-sufficient.

B. The supreme court shall establish guidelines for determining and awarding spousal maintenance. The court may award spousal maintenance pursuant to the guidelines only for a period of time and in an amount necessary to enable the receiving spouse to become self-sufficient. The amount of spousal maintenance resulting from the application of the guidelines shall be the amount of spousal maintenance ordered by the court, unless the court finds in writing that applying the guidelines would be inappropriate or unjust. The supreme court shall base the guidelines and criteria for deviation from the guidelines on the following relevant factors listed in paragraphs 1 through 13 of this subsection and considered together and weighed in conjunction with each other:

1. The standard of living established during the marriage.

2. The duration of the marriage.

3. The age, employment history, earning ability and physical and emotional condition of the spouse seeking maintenance.

4. The ability of the spouse from whom maintenance is sought to meet that spouse’s needs while meeting those of the spouse seeking maintenance.

5. The comparative financial resources of the spouses, including their comparative earning abilities in the labor market.

6. The contribution of the spouse seeking maintenance to the earning ability of the other spouse.

7. The extent to which the spouse seeking maintenance has reduced that spouse’s income or career opportunities for the benefit of the other spouse.

8. The ability of both parties after the dissolution to contribute to the future educational costs of their mutual children.

9. The financial resources of the party seeking maintenance, including marital property apportioned to that spouse, and that spouse’s ability to meet that spouse’s own needs independently.

10. The time necessary to acquire sufficient education or training to enable the party seeking maintenance to find appropriate employment and whether such education or training is readily available.

11. Excessive or abnormal expenditures, destruction, concealment or fraudulent disposition of community, joint tenancy and other property held in common.

12. The cost for the spouse who is seeking maintenance to obtain health insurance and the reduction in the cost of health insurance for the spouse from whom maintenance is sought if the spouse from whom maintenance is sought is able to convert family health insurance to employee health insurance after the marriage is dissolved.

13. All actual damages and judgments from conduct that resulted in criminal conviction of either spouse in which the other spouse or a child was the victim.

C. A maintenance order shall be made without regard to marital misconduct.

D. If both parties agree, the maintenance order and a decree of dissolution of marriage or of legal separation may state that its maintenance terms shall not be modified.

E. Except as provided in subsection D of this section or § 25-317, subsection G, the court shall maintain continuing jurisdiction over the issue of maintenance for the period of time maintenance is awarded.

§ 25-320. Child support; factors; methods of payment; additional enforcement provisions; definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In a proceeding for dissolution of marriage, legal separation, maintenance or child support, the court may order either or both parents owing a duty of support to a child, born to or adopted by the parents, to pay an amount reasonable and necessary for support of the child, without regard to marital misconduct.

B. If child support has not been ordered by a child support order and if the court deems child support appropriate, the court shall direct, using a retroactive application of the child support guidelines to the date of filing a dissolution of marriage, legal separation, maintenance or child support proceeding, the amount that the parents shall pay for the past support of the child and the manner in which payment shall be paid, taking into account any amount of temporary or voluntary support that has been paid. Retroactive child support is enforceable in any manner provided by law.

C. If the parties lived apart before the date of the filing for dissolution of marriage, legal separation, maintenance or child support and if child support has not been ordered by a child support order, the court may order child support retroactively to the date of separation, but not more than three years before the date of the filing for dissolution of marriage, legal separation, maintenance or child support. The court must first consider all relevant circumstances, including the conduct or motivation of the parties in that filing and the diligence with which service of process was attempted on the obligor spouse or was frustrated by the obligor spouse. If the court determines that child support is appropriate, the court shall direct, using a retroactive application of the child support guidelines, the amount that the parents must pay for the past support of the child and the manner in which payments must be paid, taking into account any amount of temporary or voluntary support that has been paid.

D. The supreme court shall establish guidelines for determining the amount of child support. The amount resulting from the application of these guidelines is the amount of child support ordered unless a written finding is made, based on criteria approved by the supreme court, that application of the guidelines would be inappropriate or unjust in a particular case. The supreme court shall review the guidelines at least once every four years to ensure that their application results in the determination of appropriate child support amounts. The supreme court shall base the guidelines and criteria for deviation from them on all relevant factors, considered together and weighed in conjunction with each other, including:

1. The financial resources and needs of the child.

2. The financial resources and needs of the custodial parent.

3. The standard of living the child would have enjoyed if the child lived in an intact home with both parents to the extent it is economically feasible considering the resources of each parent and each parent’s need to maintain a home and to provide support for the child when the child is with that parent.

4. The physical and emotional condition of the child, and the child’s educational needs.

5. The financial resources and needs of the noncustodial parent.

6. The medical support plan for the child. The plan should include the child’s medical support needs, the availability of medical insurance or services provided by the Arizona health care cost containment system and whether a cash medical support order is necessary.

7. Excessive or abnormal expenditures, destruction, concealment or fraudulent disposition of community, joint tenancy and other property held in common.

8. The duration of parenting time and related expenses.

E. Even if a child is over the age of majority when a petition is filed or at the time of the final decree, the court may order support to continue past the age of majority if all of the following are true:

1. The court has considered the factors prescribed in subsection D of this section.

2. The child has severe mental or physical disabilities as demonstrated by the fact that the child is unable to live independently and be self-supporting.

3. The child’s disability began before the child reached the age of majority.

F. If a child reaches the age of majority while the child is attending high school or a certified high school equivalency program, support shall continue to be provided during the period in which the child is actually attending high school or the equivalency program but only until the child reaches nineteen years of age unless the court enters an order pursuant to subsection E of this section. Notwithstanding any other law, a parent paying support for a child over the age of majority pursuant to this section is entitled to obtain all records related to the attendance of the child in the high school or equivalency program.

G. If a personal check for support payments and handling fees is rightfully dishonored by the payor bank or other drawee, the person obligated to pay support shall make any subsequent support payments and handling fees only by cash, money order, cashier’s check, traveler’s check or certified check. If a person required to pay support other than by personal check demonstrates full and timely payment for twenty-four consecutive months, that person may pay support by personal check if these payments are for the full amount, are timely tendered and are not rightfully dishonored by the payor bank or other drawee.

H. Subsection G of this section does not apply to payments made by means of an assignment.

I. If after reasonable efforts to locate the obligee the clerk or support payment clearinghouse is unable to deliver payments for the period prescribed in § 25-503 due to the failure of the person to whom the support has been ordered to be paid to notify the clerk or support payment clearinghouse of a change in address, the clerk or support payment clearinghouse shall not deliver further payments and shall return the payments to the obligor consistent with the requirements of § 25-503.

J. An order for child support shall assign responsibility for providing medical insurance for the child who is the subject of the support order to one of the parents and shall assign responsibility for the payment of any medical costs of the child that are not covered by insurance according to the child support guidelines. Each parent shall provide information to the court regarding the availability of medical insurance for the child that is accessible and available at a reasonable cost. In title IV-D cases, the parent responsible pursuant to court order for providing medical insurance for the child shall notify the child support enforcement agency in the department of economic security if medical insurance has been obtained or if the child is no longer covered under an insurance plan.

K. If the court finds that neither parent has the ability to obtain medical insurance for the child that is accessible and available at a reasonable cost, the court shall:

1. In a title IV-D case, in accordance with established title IV-D criteria, establish a reasonable monthly cash medical support order to be paid by the obligor. If medical assistance is being provided to a child under title XIX of the social security act, cash medical support is assigned to the state pursuant to § 46-407. On verification that the obligor has obtained private insurance, the cash medical support order terminates by operation of law on the first day of the month after the policy’s effective date or on the date the court, or the department in a title IV-D case, is notified that insurance has been obtained, whichever is later. If the private insurance terminates, the cash medical support order automatically resumes by operation of law on the first day of the month following the termination date of the policy.

2. Order one parent to provide medical insurance when it becomes accessible and available at a reasonable cost.

3. Order that medical costs in excess of the cash medical support amount shall be paid by each parent according to the percentage assigned for payment of uninsured costs.

L. In a title IV-D case, if the court orders the noncustodial parent to obtain medical insurance the court shall also set an alternative cash medical support order to be paid by that parent if the child is not covered under an insurance plan within ninety days after entry of the order or if the child is no longer covered by insurance. The court shall not order the custodial parent to pay cash medical support.

M. In title IV-D cases the superior court shall accept for filing any documents that are received through electronic transmission if the electronically reproduced document states that the copy used for the electronic transmission was certified before it was electronically transmitted.

N. The court shall presume, in the absence of contrary testimony, that a parent is capable of full-time employment at least at the applicable state or federal adult minimum wage, whichever is higher. This presumption does not apply to noncustodial parents who are under eighteen years of age and who are attending high school.

O. An order for support shall provide for an assignment pursuant to §§ 25-504 and 25-323.

P. Each licensing board or agency that issues professional, recreational or occupational licenses or certificates shall record on the application the social security number of the applicant and shall enter this information in its database in order to aid the department of economic security in locating parents or their assets or to enforce child support orders. This subsection does not apply to a license that is issued pursuant to title 17 [FN1] and that is not issued by an automated drawing system. If a licensing board or agency allows an applicant to use a number other than the social security number on the face of the license or certificate while the licensing board or agency keeps the social security number on file, the licensing board or agency shall advise an applicant of this fact.

Q. The factors prescribed pursuant to subsection D of this section are stated for direction to the supreme court. Except pursuant to subsection E of this section and §§ 25-501 and 25-809, The superior court shall not consider the factors when making child support orders, independent of the child support guidelines.

R. For the purposes of this section:

1. “Accessible” means that insurance is available in the geographic region where the child resides.

2. “Child support guidelines” means the child support guidelines that are adopted by the state supreme court pursuant to 42 United States Code sections 651 through 669B.

3. “Date of separation” means the date the married parents ceased to cohabit.

4. “Reasonable cost” means an amount that does not exceed the higher of five per cent of the gross income of the obligated parent or an income-based numeric standard that is prescribed in the child support guidelines.

5. “Support” has the same meaning prescribed in § 25-500.

6. “Support payments” means the amount of money ordered by the court to be paid for the support of the minor child or children.

Arizona Child Support Guidelines

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-320. Child Support Guidelines

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

ADOPTED BY THE ARIZONA SUPREME COURT FOR ACTIONS FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2022

SECTION I. GENERAL INFORMATION

A. Executive Summary. The Arizona Child Support Guidelines follow the Income Shares Model, which considers the income of both parents. Under the model, the total child support amount approximates the amount that would have been spent on the children if the parents and children were living together. Each parent contributes his or her proportionate share of the total child support amount.

Information regarding the Guidelines’ development, including economic data and assumptions upon which the Schedule of Basic Support Obligations is based, is contained in the February 23, 2021, report of Center for Policy Research, entitled “Economic Review of the Arizona Child Support Schedule.”

By state and federal law, courts make all child support determinations using the Arizona Child Support Guidelines. This determination is a multi-step process resulting in a specific amount. That amount becomes the court-ordered child support obligation unless the court finds that amount is unfair or unjust.

The calculation itself is most often performed by using a computer-based program. The information that affects the child support amount is identified on the computer-based Child Support Worksheet, which has fields of information that must be completed.

Step 1: Child Support Income of Each Parent

Each parent’s Child Support Income is inserted into the corresponding fields in the computer-based Child Support Worksheet. When deciding the amount of income to assign to a parent, Section II.A of the Guidelines provides comprehensive assistance.

Step 2: Adjustments to Child Support Income

Once Child Support Income is established, that amount may need to be adjusted because of other circumstances. Section II.B of the Guidelines details those adjustments and when those adjustments are appropriate.

Step 3: Determining the Basic Child Support Obligation

The total of both parents’ Adjusted Child Support Income is the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income. The Combined Adjusted Child Support Income will be used to determine the Basic Child Support Obligation using the Schedule of Basic Support Obligation. The computer-based Child Support Worksheet will insert this amount upon entry of Combined Adjusted Child Support Income. Further information can be found in Sections II.C and III.A of the Guidelines.

Step 4: Adjustments to the Basic Child Support Obligation

The Basic Child Support Obligation is not the total amount the court will use to determine the Final Child Support Obligation. The court also factors in additional child-related costs, such as medical insurance premiums, childcare costs, and other expenses. Section III.B of the Guidelines sets forth the nature of these costs and the method for determining the amount to be added to the calculation on the computer-based Child Support Worksheet. These additional amounts are the Adjustments to the Basic Child Support Obligation.

Step 5: The Combined Adjusted Child Support Obligation

The computer-based Child Support Worksheet will calculate the Combined Child Support Obligation by adding the Adjustments to the Basic Child Support Obligation. This total represents the total amount of costs that the court must consider for a child support determination. Further information can be found in Section III.B of the Guidelines.

Step 6: The Allocation of the Combined Child Support Obligation

The Combined Child Support Obligation (Step 5) must be allocated between the parties in proportion to their Adjusted Child Support Income (Step 2). The resulting amounts are each parent’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Obligation. Once again, the computer-based Child Support Worksheet will perform this calculation, which is explained in Sections IV and VI of the Guidelines.

Step 7: The Adjustment for Costs Associated with Parenting Time

When a child spends time with each parent, some of the expenses of the child may shift between the parents. The parenting time adjustment accounts for this shift. Section V.B of the Guidelines provides the step-by-step process to determine the number of days the child is with each parent. Use the Parenting Time Table (Section V.C) to convert the number of days to a percentage. Multiply the parenting time percentage by the Basic Child Support Obligation (Step 3) and subtract that amount from the appropriate parent’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Obligation (Step 5). The computer-based Child Support Worksheet will perform this calculation.

Step 8: Presumptive Child Support Obligation

The Presumptive Child Support Obligation is each parent’s percentage share of the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income times the Combined Child Support Obligation. The computer-based Child Support Worksheet calculates each parent’s Presumptive Child Support Obligation. This amount is what each party is obligated to contribute toward the support of their common child. Section VII explains the process for determining the Presumptive Child Support Obligation.

Step 9: Adjustments for Actual Payments

When one parent actually covers the expenses associated with the Adjustments to the Basic Child Support Obligation that were addressed in Step 4 above, that parent receives a credit against the Presumptive Child Support Obligation. Section IV.E of the Guidelines explains the process. The computer-based Child Support Worksheet makes this calculation based on who actually covers the expense.

The amount calculated in Step 9 is the Presumptive Child Support Award.

Step 10: The Self-Support Reserve Test

This “test” applies to low-income parents who are ordered to pay child support. It is designed to ensure that a parent can meet his or her own basic needs while also contributing to the child’s support. This calculation is performed against the Presumptive Child Support Award in Step 9. The computer-based Child Support Worksheet performs this calculation, and Section VIII explains how it is done.

Step 11: Deviation

The calculations discussed above result in the Presumptive Child Support Award. The court orders this amount to be paid unless the court determines a deviation is appropriate based on a request from either parent, an agreement of the parties, or the discretion of the court. Before granting a deviation, the court must find that the strict application of the Guidelines is inappropriate or unjust and must consider the child’s best interests when determining the amount of any deviation. Section IX addresses deviations.

Step 12: The Child Support Award

The calculations discussed above result in the Child Support Award.

Special Circumstances

The Guidelines offer further direction for special circumstances. This direction can be found in Section XII.

B. Purposes.

1. To establish a standard of support for children consistent with their reasonable needs and the parents’ ability to pay.

2. To make Child Support Orders consistent for persons in similar circumstances.

3. To give parents and courts guidance in establishing Child Support Orders and to promote settlements.

4. To comply with federal law (42 United States Code, Section 651 et seq., 45 Code of Federal Regulations, Section 302.56) and state law (Arizona Revised Statutes Section 25-320) and any amendments.

C. Premises.

1. These Guidelines apply to all children for whom there is a legal obligation to support. The “support” of other persons, such as stepchildren, is considered voluntary and does not impact the child support determined under the Guidelines.

2. The child support obligation has priority over all other financial obligations.

3. Non-support financial obligations generally do not affect the child support obligation except as provided in these Guidelines.

4. The fact that a parent receives child support does not mean that he or she may not also be entitled to spousal maintenance. If the court is establishing both child support and spousal maintenance, the court must first determine the appropriate amount of spousal maintenance and then adjust the Child Support Income as provided in Section II.B.2.a below. The spousal maintenance adjustment applies for the duration of the spousal maintenance award. When spousal maintenance ends, it may be necessary to modify the child support obligation.

5. In some circumstances, a parent who has more parenting time than the other parent may be ordered to pay child support, as discussed in Section X.A.2.b below.

6. The obligation to pay and the right to receive child support is separate from any rights or responsibilities relating to legal decision-making and parenting time. A violation of court-ordered legal decision-making or parenting time does not serve as a defense to–nor an excuse for–not paying child support.

7. Throughout these Guidelines there are numerous examples. Varying names of fictional parents have been used.

D. Application. If the court has jurisdiction over child support, these Guidelines apply in all actions or proceedings brought under Title 25 of the Arizona Revised Statutes (including maternity and paternity) and juvenile court actions in which a Child Support Order is established or modified. The court must consider child support in any action to establish or modify legal decision-making, parenting time, and child support or past support, whether temporary or final, and whether intrastate or interstate.

E. Presumption. The amount resulting from application of these Guidelines is presumed to be the amount of child support that a court will order.

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION II. DETERMINING INCOME

A. Determining the Parents’ Incomes for Purposes of Calculating Child Support.

1. What is included in Child Support Income?

a. The term “Child Support Income” does not have the same meaning as “Gross Income” or “Adjusted Gross Income” for tax purposes. The effect of taxes has been considered in the Schedule of Basic Support Obligations.

b. Child Support Income includes income from any source before any deductions or withholdings. Child Support Income may include salaries, wages, commissions, bonuses, dividends, severance pay, military pay, pensions, interest, trust income, annuities, capital gains, social security benefits (subject to Section X.B), workers’ compensation benefits, unemployment insurance benefits, disability benefits, military disability benefits, recurring gifts, prizes, and spousal maintenance.

c. Seasonal or fluctuating income within a year are annualized to determine the average monthly Child Support Income.

 

Example: Shawn is a teacher and is paid only 9 months a year. Shawn is paid $7,000 a month from September through May and is not paid for the months of June, July, and August. The earnings must be annualized as follows: Multiply the monthly income by the number of months the parent is paid to arrive at the annual earnings ($7,000 x 9 months = $63,000); and then divide the annual salary by 12 to arrive at the average monthly Child Support Income ($63,000 / 12 = $5,250).

d. The court has discretion to consider whether non-continuing or non-recurring income is considered income for purposes of calculating child support. The court also has discretion to average fluctuating income over periods exceeding 1 year.

e. Child Support Income from self-employment, rent, royalties, proprietorship of a business, or joint ownership of a partnership or closely held corporation, means gross receipts minus ordinary and necessary expenses as determined by the court to be required to produce the income. Ordinary and necessary expenses include one-half of the self-employment tax actually paid.

f. Expense reimbursements or benefits a parent receives in the course of employment, self-employment, or the operation of a business are included as Child Support Income if they are significant and reduce personal living expenses. Cash value is assigned to in-kind or other non-cash employment benefits.

g. Continuing or recurring military entitlements, including but not limited to BAH and BAS (Basic Allowance Housing, Basic Allowance Subsistence), are Child Support Income under Section II.A.1.f above. Military-provided housing is an in-kind or other non-cash employment benefit under Section IIA.1.f above.

2. What is not included in Child Support Income?

a. Child Support Income does not include:

i. Sums a parent receives as child support;

ii. Benefits from means-tested public assistance programs including, but not limited to, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Nutrition Assistance and General Assistance; and

iii. Sums a parent receives by or for the benefit of a minor child, including adoption subsidies, Supplemental Security Income, and subsidies arising from the disability of a child, are not Child Support Income but may affect a parent’s child support obligation as explained in Section X.B below.

b. The court does not consider how marital property is distributed between the parents except to the extent that such property generates income to a parent.

c. If a person does not have a legal duty to support a child, that person’s income is not included as Child Support Income. For example, income of a parent’s new spouse, a stepparent, is not included in any calculations.

3. When is overtime included in Child Support Income?

a. The court generally does not include more income than earned through full-time employment.

i. Each parent should have the choice of working additional hours through overtime or at a second job without increasing the child support obligation.

ii. A parent who historically worked overtime when the family was intact may choose to reduce or not to work overtime hours to ensure the parent has meaningful interaction with the child during that parent’s parenting time.

b. The court may consider income actually earned if it is greater than would have been earned by full-time employment if that income was historically earned and is anticipated to continue into the future. The court generally does not attribute additional income to a parent if it would require an extraordinary work regimen. Determination of what constitutes an extraordinary work regimen depends upon all relevant circumstances, including the choice of jobs available within a particular occupation, working hours, and working conditions. It also may depend upon the parent’s relevant medical or personal circumstances.

4. When is Child Support Income attributed even if not actually being earned?

a. Generally, attributed Child Support Income is not income actually earned or received but instead is an assigned income based on a court finding regarding the amount that should be used to calculate child support.

b. In accordance with Arizona Revised Statutes Subsection 25-320(N), the court presumes that a parent is capable of full-time employment of at least “the applicable state or federal adult minimum wage, whichever is higher.” When the court attributes minimum wage earnings to a person, it usually considers “full-time” employment to consist of 40 hours per week. Minimum wage is attributed in this manner as a result of the self-support reserve test. (Section VIII below.) However, a court may consider fewer hours to be “full-time” if a person is earning more than minimum wage.

c. If the court attributes income for purposes of calculating child support, the Child Support Worksheet and the court order must state that all or a portion of the income is attributed.

d. Factors the court considers when attributing income include:

i. The parents’ assets, residence, employment and earnings history, job skills, educational attainment, literacy, age, health, criminal record and other employment barriers, and record of seeking work; and

ii. The local job market, the availability of employers willing to hire the parents, the prevailing earnings level in the local community, standards for number of hours considered as full-time based on a particular field of employment.

e. When a parent is unemployed or underemployed, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, the court must consider the reasons. In determining whether to attribute income, the court considers the child’s best interests and all other relevant factors, including:

i. If involuntary, whether it is reasonable for that parent to find replacement income above actual earnings;

ii. If voluntary with reasonable cause, whether the parent’s decision and its benefits outweigh the effect that the reduced income has on the child’s best interests;

iii. If voluntary and without good cause, whether income attribution is appropriate; and

iv. If the parent has the ability to find suitable work in the marketplace at a greater income based on the parent’s current educational level, training and experience, and physical capacity.

5. When is income not attributed for purposes of calculating Child Support Income?

a. Incarceration. The court does not attribute income to a person who is incarcerated, but the court may establish or modify support based on actual ability to pay.

b. Additional Examples. The court may decline to attribute income to either parent. Examples of cases in which it might be inappropriate to attribute income include, but are not limited to, the following:

i. A parent is physically or mentally disabled;

ii. A parent is engaged in reasonable career or occupational training to establish basic skills or that is reasonably calculated to enhance earning capacity;

iii. Unusual emotional or physical needs of a natural or adopted child common to the parties if that child requires that parent’s presence in the home; or

iv. A parent is the caretaker of a young child common to the parties and the cost of childcare is prohibitive.

B. Adjustments to Child Support Income for Spousal Maintenance and Support of Children of Other Relationships.

1. For purposes of this Section II.B, “children of other relationships” means natural or adopted children who are not the subject of this particular child support determination.

2. Adjustments to Child Support Income for other support obligations are made as follows:

a. If a parent is actually paying court-ordered spousal maintenance resulting from this marriage, the amount is deducted from that parent’s Child Support Income. The court may consider the tax consequences of the spousal maintenance payment under applicable federal and state income tax regulations. Court-ordered spousal maintenance arrearage payments are not included as an adjustment to Child Support Income;

b. Federal law currently provides spousal maintenance orders originally entered after December 31, 2018, are no longer deductible from the paying parent’s income–and are excluded from the recipient parent’s taxable income;

 

Example: For purposes of this example, a party is ordered to pay $1,000 per month to the other party as spousal maintenance. Spousal maintenance is not deductible. Evidence is presented at the hearing that the paying party’s tax rate is 20%. If the party paying spousal maintenance is using taxable income to fund the spousal maintenance payments, the paying parent will need child support income of $1,250 to pay the $1,000 monthly spousal maintenance obligation. In this circumstance, the adjustment to income for the party paying spousal maintenance would be $1,250 rather than $1,000 per month.

c. If a parent is actually paying a court-ordered amount of child support for a child of other relationships, the amount is deducted from the parent’s income for purposes of calculating child support. To obtain such a deduction, the parent must demonstrate he or she is actually paying the order, or if the parent historically has not paid the order, changed circumstances demonstrate the parent likely will pay the order in the future, such as through the issuance of an income withholding order. Court-ordered child support arrearage payments are not included as an adjustment to Child Support Income;

d. If a parent is the primary residential parent of a child from other relationships, that parent’s Child Support Income may be reduced based on a simplified application of the Guidelines as illustrated in the example below;

Example: A parent has monthly Child Support Income of $3,000 and supports a natural or adopted minor child who lives exclusively with that parent and who is not the subject of the child support case before the court. Using the Simplified Application of the Guidelines, locate $3,000 in the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income column of the Schedule of Basic Support Obligation. Select the amount in the column for 1 child, $574. The parent’s income may be reduced up to $574, resulting in an Adjusted Child Support Income of $2,426 ($3,000–$574 = $2,426). The computer-based Child Support Worksheet will perform this calculation.

e. For purposes of this Section II, when a parent has essentially equal parenting time with a child of another relationship, the adjustment for the support of that child may be made under either Section II.B.2.c or II.B.2.d above, whichever produces the higher adjustment; and

f. If after adjusting for other children and applying the Self-Support Reserve Test (Section VIII below), the child support amount determined under the Guidelines results in no child support to be paid, the adjustment for other children should be reduced to the extent necessary to ensure that the ordered support amount treats all of the paying parent’s children equitably.

Example 1: Child support is being calculated for 1 child. The parent responsible for paying child support has monthly Child Support Income of minimum wage (presently $12.15/hour x 40 hours x 52 weeks = $25,272 / 12 months = $2,106 per month). That parent also supports another biological or adopted child in that parent’s household, so there are 2 children total for whom the paying parent is responsible.

• The Basic Child Support Obligation Schedule for 1 child for a parent who earns $2,106 a month is $413 based on a simplified application of the Guidelines.

• The Self-Support Reserve amount (Section VIII below) is presently $1,685 (80% of minimum wage, presently $2,106).

• The paying parent’s total available funds to satisfy all child support obligations after application of the Self-Support Reserve amount for minimum wage earnings is $421 ($2,106–$1,685 = $421). The total support obligation for all children–whether subject to this order or not–should not exceed this amount for a person earning minimum wage.

• In this example, the paying parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income is only $1,693 ($2,106–$413 = $1,693).

• Because the difference between the Adjusted Child Support Income and the Self-Support Reserve amount is only $8 ($1,693–$1,685 = $8), the Guidelines would result in almost no support for the child for whom support is being determined and allocating $413 per month for the child in the household.

• This nominal number is solely the result of the adjustment for other children who are not the subject of this Child Support Order. Under such circumstances, the adjustment for the support of other children is reduced to ensure that the ordered support amount treats all of the paying parent’s children equitably.

• The $421 (the amount available for child support after application of the Self-Support Reserve above) is divided by 2 (the number of children for whom the parent who pays child support is financially responsible–the child who is the subject of the order and the child who is living in the paying parent’s home).

• Dividing $421 by 2 results in a reduced child support adjustment for the child in the household from $421 to $210.50 ($421 / 2 = $210.50).

• $210.50 (or $210 rounded off) becomes the total child support obligation for the 1 child who is the subject of this order.

 

Example 2: Child support is being calculated for 2 children. A parent has income of $15 per hour ($2,600 per month), an amount greater than minimum wage. That parent also supports 2 children in that parent’s household, so there are 4 children total for whom the paying parent is responsible.

• The Basic Child Support Obligation Schedule for 2 children for a parent who earns $2,600 a month is $765 based on a simplified application of the Guidelines.

• The Self-Support Reserve amount (Section VIII below) is presently $1,685 (80% of minimum wage, presently $2,106).

• The paying parent’s total available funds to satisfy all child support obligations after application of the Self-Support Reserve amount for earnings of $2,600 is $915. ($2,600–$1,685 = $915). The total support obligation for all children–whether subject to this order or not–should not exceed this amount for a person earning $2,600.

• In this example, the paying parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income is only $1,852 ($2,600–$765 = $1,835), which is more than the Self-Support Reserve. (The $765 is the Basic Child Support Obligation for two children from above.)

• The difference between the Adjusted Child Support Income and the Self-Support Reserve amount is a positive number ($1,835–$1,685 = $150), so the Guidelines would result in support of $150 for the 2 children for whom support is being determined.

• The $150 is $615 less than the Basic Child Support Obligation of $765 as noted above ($765–$150 = $615).

• The available funds should be distributed equally among the children. $915 / 4 = $228.75 ($229 rounded) per child. Therefore, the adjustment for the two children would be $458.

 

C. Determining Combined Adjusted Child Support Income. The Combined Adjusted Child Support Income for each parent is the income determined in Section II.A above minus the adjustments calculated in Section II.B above. The Adjusted Child Support Incomes for the parents are added together. The sum is the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income.

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION III. DETERMINING THE COMBINED CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATION

A. Determining the Basic Child Support Obligation.

1. Locate the income closest to the parents’ Combined Adjusted Child Support Income figure on the Schedule of Basic Support Obligation and select the column for the number of children involved.

a. If the parents’ income falls exactly in between 2 Combined Adjusted Child Support Income amounts, round up to the nearest Combined Adjusted Child Support Income entry on the Schedule of Basic Support Obligations.

Example: The Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of the parents is $8,125, which is exactly between $8,100 and $8,150. Round up to the nearest Combined Adjusted Child Support Income entry of $8,150 and use this amount as the Basic Child Support Obligation.

b. If there are more than 6 children, the amount derived from the Schedule of Basic Support Obligations for 6 children is the presumptive amount. The party seeking a higher sum bears the burden of proving the children’s needs require a higher sum.

c. If the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of the parties is greater than $30,000 per month:

i. If no party requests consideration of a higher amount, the amount for Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $30,000 is the Basic Child Support Obligation; or

ii. Upon a party’s request, the court determines whether the evidence shows that an amount higher than the Basic Child Support Obligation for the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $30,000 per month is in the child’s best interests. The court takes into account the child’s needs in excess of the presumptive amount, any significant disparity in the respective percentages of Child Support Income for each party, and any other factors which, on a case-by-case basis, demonstrate that the increased amount is appropriate.

2. The amount determined under this Section III.A.2 is the Basic Child Support Obligation.

B. Determining the Combined Child Support Obligation.

1. The Combined Child Support Obligation is the Basic Child Support Obligation as calculated in Section III.A above combined with the adjustments in this Section III.B.

2. Older Child Adjustment.

a. The average expenditures for children age 12 or older exceed the average expenditures for all children by approximately 10%.

b. The Basic Child Support Obligation is adjusted upward by 10% for the total number of children over 12 years of age. A child qualifies for this adjustment on the day after the child reaches the age of 12.

Example: The Basic Child Support Obligation for 1 child, age 12, is $458. Add $46 ($458 x .10 = $45.80 or $46 rounded) to the Basic Child Support Obligation, for a total of $504.

c. If not all children subject to the order are age 12 or over, the increase is prorated.

Example: Assume the Basic Child Support Obligation for 3 children is $810. If 1 of the 3 children is age 12 or over, assign 1/3 of the Basic Child Support Obligation to the older child ($810 / 3 = $270). Up to 10% of that portion of the Basic Child Support Obligation may be added as an older child adjustment ($270 x .10 = $27), increasing the obligation to $837 ($810 + $27 = $837). NOTE: This prorating method applies only to this Section III.B.2 and should not be used elsewhere in the Guidelines.

3. Medical Insurance Adjustment.

a. An order for child support assigns responsibility for providing medical insurance for the child who is the subject of the Child Support Order.

b. In determining the amount to be added, to the extent possible, only the amount of the insurance cost attributable to the child subject of the Child Support Order is included. If coverage is applicable to the child and other persons, the total cost is prorated by the number of persons covered.

i. If the exact cost for the child is known, that amount is used.

Example: A parent purchases insurance for the child only through a private provider or the health insurance marketplace. The cost of coverage is $250 per month. That amount is used on the Child Support Worksheet as the cost of insurance coverage for the child.

ii. If the exact cost for the child is not known and there is sufficient information to calculate the costs for insuring the child, use the costs of adding dependents to the plan and divide by the total number of dependents covered.

Example: A parent provides insurance through a plan that covers the parent, 1 child subject of the Child Support Order, and 2 other children. Under the plan, the cost of an employee’s individual insurance coverage would be $120. This parent instead pays a total of $270 for the “Employee plus children” plan that provides coverage for the employee and any number of dependents. Calculate the adjustment for medical insurance as follows: subtract the $120 cost of individual coverage from the $270 paid for the “Employee plus children” plan to find the total cost of the dependent coverage. This $150 cost for dependent coverage is divided by 3–the number of covered dependents. In our example there is 1 child. Therefore, $50 would be used on the Child Support Worksheet as the cost of the insurance coverage for the 1 child who is the subject of the Child Support Order.

iii. If the exact cost of adding dependents to the plan is not known, use the total cost of coverage and divide by the number of individuals covered. This method is used only if the parent providing coverage cannot provide a breakdown of the cost of medical individual care versus the cost of care for multiple household members.

Example: A parent provides insurance through a plan that covers the parent, 1 child subject of the Child Support Order, and 2 other children. Under the plan, the coverage cost is $300 per month. Divide the total coverage cost by the number of people covered to find the coverage cost per person. For a cost of $300 per month for 4 people, $75 is used on the Child Support Worksheet for the cost for the child on the order.

c. Unless otherwise agreed, if medical insurance of comparable benefits and cost is available to both parents, the order assigns responsibility to the parent who has the greater amount of parenting time. If the parents share essentially equal parenting time, the court assigns responsibility after considering all relevant factors.

d. If a parent is assigned the obligation to provide medical insurance, that responsibility may be fulfilled by family coverage provided by a stepparent or domestic partner. In such a case, adjustment under this Section III.B.3.c for the cost to the stepparent is appropriate.

e. A parent is not obligated to provide dental and vision insurance for a child, but if a parent provides such insurance for the child, it is included in the medical insurance adjustment.

f. The court may decline to credit a parent for medical, dental, or vision insurance coverage obtained for the child if the coverage is not valid in the geographic region where the child resides.

4. Childcare Expenses.

a. The amount paid for childcare so a parent can work or seek employment may be added to the Basic Child Support Obligation. If both parents incur childcare expenses, the amount each incurs may be added to the Basic Child Support Obligation.

b. Unless the court orders otherwise, expenses must be paid to someone who is not being claimed as a dependent as defined in Internal Revenue Service Publication 501.

c. The childcare adjustment must be appropriate to the parents’ financial abilities.

d. Childcare expenses are annualized in accordance with Section III.B.7 below.

5. Education Expenses.

a. The Basic Child Support Obligation may be adjusted based on any reasonable and necessary expenses for attending private or special schools or necessary expenses to meet the particular educational needs of a child, if such expenses are incurred by agreement of both parents or court ordered.

b. Education Expenses are annualized in accordance with Section III.B.7 below.

6. Extraordinary Child Expenses.

a. These Guidelines are designed to fit the needs of most children. The Basic Child Support Obligation may be adjusted to provide for costs incurred for a gifted or special needs child.

b. If benefits are paid to a parent to assist in meeting a child’s needs, such as those described in Section II.A.2.a.ii above, adjustment for the costs may not be appropriate.

c. Extraordinary Child Expenses are annualized in accordance with Section III.B.7 below.

7. Annualizing Monthly Expenses. Adjustments to the Basic Child Support Obligation are annualized so that each month’s child support obligation is increased or decreased in an equal monthly amount, instead of the obligation for particular months being abated, increased, or decreased.

 

Example: At a child support hearing, a parent requests an adjustment for childcare costs. The parent incurs childcare costs of $100 per month during the school year (9 months) and $400 per month during the summer (3 months). The adjustment for childcare costs is annualized as follows:

• Multiply the $100 monthly cost during the school year times the 9 months in which it is incurred ($100 x 9 = $900);

• Multiply the $400 monthly cost during the summer times the 3 months in which it is incurred ($400 x 3 = $1,200);

• Add the total school year cost to the total summer cost to arrive at the annual child care expense ($900 + $1,200 = $2,100);

• Divide the annual child care expense by 12 to arrive at the annualized monthly child care expense ($2,100 / 12 = $175); and

• Add $175 to the Basic Child Support Obligation when determining the Child Support Order.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION IV. DETERMINING EACH PARENT’S PROPORTIONATE SHARE OF THE COMBINED CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATION

The court divides the Combined Child Support Obligation (as determined in Section III above) between the parents in proportion to their Adjusted Child Support Incomes. The parent’s proportionate share is determined by dividing each parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income by the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income from Section II. Each parent’s obligation is computed by multiplying each parent’s share by the Combined Child Support Obligation from Section III above. The computer-based Child Support Worksheet will perform this calculation.

 

Example: Cameron and Pat have 1 child. Cameron’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $3,000 and Pat’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $2,000 for a Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $5,000. Divide Cameron’s Adjusted Child Support Income by the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income. The result is Cameron’s share of the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income. ($3,000 / $5,000 = .60 or 60%). Cameron’s share is 60%; Pat’s share is 40%.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION V. ADJUSTMENT FOR COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH PARENTING TIME

A. Because the Schedule of Basic Support Obligations is based on expenditures for children of intact households, the Schedule does not consider the costs associated with parenting time.

1. When both parents exercise parenting time, the costs for the child normally expended in one household transfer to the other household.

2. When parenting time is or is expected to be exercised by both parents, an adjustment is made to the proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Obligation.

3. The methods for calculating parenting time in these Guidelines are directions for determining child support. They do not alter parenting time orders and must not be used to interpret parenting time orders.

B. Parenting time is calculated based upon the segments of time that are assigned to each parent. The parenting time for either parent begins at the time of exchange of the child from one parent to the other. Unless otherwise provided in the court order, if the exchange occurs at school or with a caregiver, the receiving parent’s time commences at the end of the day. Conversely, the other parent’s segment ends at the same time.

Example: Riley and Blair have 1 child. School days for this example begin with a drop off at school at 8:30 a.m. and the school day ends at 3:00 p.m. The exchange of the child between Riley and Blair occurs at school and is tied to the school day.

Riley is entitled to parenting time beginning at the end of the school day on Monday through drop off at school on Wednesday morning, which is 8:30 a.m. Blair’s parenting time begins at the end of the school day on Wednesday, which is 3:00 p.m. In determining Riley’s parenting time segment, Riley is deemed to have the child from 3:00 p.m. on Monday until 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Riley therefore has two days of parenting time in this segment.

C. To adjust for the costs of parenting time, first determine the total annual amount of parenting time indicated in a court order, a parenting plan, by the parents’ expectation, or by historical practice. Using the following for guidance, add together each block of parenting time to arrive at the total number of parenting-time days per year. Calculate the number of parenting-time days arising from any block of time the child spends with the parent with less parenting time in the following manner:

1. Count 1 day of parenting time for each 24 hours within any block of time; and

2. To the extent there is a period of less than 24 hours remaining in the block of time, after all 24-hour days are counted or for any block of time which is in total less than 24 hours in duration:

a. A period of 12 hours or more counts as 1 day;

b. A period of 6 to 11 hours counts as a 1/2-day;

c. A period of 3 to 5 hours counts as a 1/4-day; and

d. Periods of less than 3 hours may count as a 1/4-day if, during those hours, the parent with less parenting time pays for routine expenses of the child, such as meals.

Example 1: Bailey and Jules have 1 child. Bailey has less parenting time than Jules. In alternating weeks, Bailey receives the child at 8:00 p.m. on Thursday and returns the child to Jules at 7:00 a.m. on Monday.

8:00 p.m. Thursday to 8:00 p.m. Sunday is 3 days.

8:00 p.m. Sunday to 7:00 a.m. Monday is 11 hours, which equals a 1/2 day.

Total parenting time for Bailey is 3 and 1/2 days for that alternating week.

Example 2: Alex and Kendall have 1 child. Alex has less parenting time than Kendall. Alex picks the child up at 3:00 p.m. Friday and returns the child to Kendall at 8:00 a.m. on Monday.

3:00 p.m. Friday to 3:00 p.m. Sunday is 2 days.

3:00 p.m. Sunday to 8:00 a.m. Monday is 17 hours, which equals 1 day.

Total parenting time for Alex is 3 days for that week.

Example 3: Angel and Harper have 1 child. Angel has less parenting time than Harper. Angel picks up the child at noon on Saturday and returns the child to Harper at 9:00 p.m. on Sunday.

Noon Saturday to noon Sunday is 1 day.

Noon Sunday to 9:00 p.m. Sunday is 9 hours, which equals 1/2 day.

Total parenting time for Angel is 1 and 1/2 days for that week.

D. If all the children have the same parenting time schedules, refer to the Parenting Time Table below. The left column of the table sets forth ranges of parenting-time days. Adjacent to each range is an adjustment percentage. The Adjustment for Costs Associated with Parenting Time is calculated as follows: determine the total number of parenting-time days in a year; locate the total number of parenting-time days per year in the left column of the Parenting Time Table; and select the adjustment percentage from the adjacent column. Multiply the combination of the Basic Child Support Obligation determined in Section III.A above together with the over 12 adjustment (if any) determined in Section III.B.2 above by the appropriate adjustment percentage. The number resulting from this multiplication then is subtracted from the proportionate share of the Total Child Support Obligation of the parent who exercises parenting time.

PARENTING TIME TABLE

Number of Parenting Time Days

Adjustment Percentage

0-19

0

20-34

.025

35-49

.050

50-69

.075

70-84

.10

85-99

.15

100-114

.175

115-129

.20

130-142

.25

143-152

.325

153-163

.40

164 or more

.50

Example: Charlie and Drew have 2 children. Charlie’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $4,000 per month and Drew’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $2,000 per month. The Basic Child Support Obligation from the Schedule for a Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $6,000 for 2 children is $1,429. Charlie’s proportionate share is 67%, or $957 ($1,429 x .67 = $957). Charlie has parenting time with the children a total of 110 days. On the Parenting Time Table, the range of days for this amount of parenting time is from 100 to 114 days. The corresponding adjustment percentage is .175. Multiply the $1,429 Basic Child Support Obligation by .175 ($1,429 x .175 = $250). The resulting $250 is subtracted from $957 (Charlie’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Obligation), reducing Charlie’s child support obligation to $707 ($957–$250 = $707).

If the children have different parenting-time schedules, then see Section V.F below to determine the parenting-time adjustment or to determine if separate worksheets are required.

E. As the number of parenting-time days approaches equal time sharing, certain costs usually incurred only in the household of the parent with more parenting time are presumed to be substantially or equally shared by both parents. These costs are for items such as the child’s food, clothing, personal care items, and entertainment and reading materials. If this presumption is rebutted, and the costs are not substantially or equally shared by both parents, the court may order a deviation under Section IX below.

Even if the parents share essentially equal parenting time, a parent may still owe child support to the other parent if:

1. One parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income is higher than the other parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income; or

Example: Taylor and Kennedy have 2 children and share essentially equal parenting time. Taylor’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $5,000 per month and Kennedy’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $3,000 per month. Taylor’s proportionate share of Child Support Income is 62.5% ($5,000 / $8,000 = .625 or 62.5%) and Kennedy’s proportionate share of Combined Adjusted Child Support Income is 37.5% ($3,000 / $8,000 = .375 or 37.5%).

The Basic Child Support Obligation from the Schedule for a Combined Child Support Income of $8,000 for 2 children is $1,622. Taylor’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Obligation is 62.5% of $1,622, or $1,014 ($1,622 x .625 = $1,014), and Kennedy’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Obligation is 37.5% of $1,622, or $608 ($1,622 x .375 = $608).

On the Parenting Time Table, the range of days for this amount of parenting time is from 164 or more days. The corresponding adjustment percentage is .5. Multiply the $1,622 Basic Child Support Obligation by .5 or 50% ($1,622 x .5 = $811). The resulting $811 is subtracted from Taylor’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Award, reducing Taylor’s Presumptive Child Support Award to $203 ($1,014–$811 = $203). Note that when Kennedy receives $203 from Taylor, that amount is combined with Kennedy’s share of the support obligation ($608) giving Kennedy an equal share of the total support ($608 + $203 = $811) which aligns with the parenting time.

2. The expenses for the children listed in Section III.B above are not equally shared.

 

Example: Hayden and Sasha have 2 children and share essentially equal parenting time. Hayden’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $5,000 per month and Sasha’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $3,000 per month. Hayden pays for the children’s medical insurance coverage, costing $400 per month. Hayden’s proportionate share of Combined Adjusted Child Support Income is 62.5% ($5,000 / $8,000 = .625 or 62.5%) and Sasha’s proportionate share of Combined Adjusted Child Support Income is 37.5% ($3,000 / $8,000 = .375 or 37.5%).

 

The Basic Child Support Obligation from the Schedule for a combined Child Support Income of $8,000 for 2 children is $1,622. The medical insurance cost of $400 is added to the Basic Child Support Obligation to determine the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation ($1,622 + $400 = $2,022). Hayden’s proportionate share of the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation is 62.5% of $2,022 or $1,264 ($2,022 x .625 = $1,264), and Sasha’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Obligation is 37.5% of $2,022, or $758 ($2,022 x .375 = $758).

 

On the Parenting Time Table, the range of days for this amount of parenting time is from 164 or more days. The corresponding adjustment percentage is .5. Multiply the $1,622 Basic Child Support Obligation by .5 or 50%, and not the Combined Child Support Obligation. The resulting $811 ($1,622 x .50 = $811) is subtracted from each parent’s proportionate share of the Combined Child Support Award, reducing Hayden’s Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation to $453 ($1,264–$811 = $453). Because Hayden pays the cost of medical insurance directly, the cost of insurance is also subtracted, further reducing Hayden’s obligation owed to Sasha to $53 ($453–$400 = $53).

F. If the parents have multiple children and each parent exercises more than half of the parenting time with at least 1 child, 2 Child Support Worksheets are prepared. Each worksheet will calculate the child support owed based on which parent has the most parenting time with the child. The amount of child support to be paid by the parent having the greater child support obligation is reduced by the amount of child support owed to that parent by the other parent.

Example: Parker and Logan have 3 minor children. Parker has more than half of the parenting time with the 1st child, and Logan has more than half of the parenting time with the 2nd and 3rd children. Parker’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $2,000 per month. Logan’s Adjusted Child Support Income is $4,000 per month. Combined Adjusted Child Support Income is $6,000 per month of which Parker’s share is 33.3% ($2,000 / $6,000 = .333 or 33.3%) and Logan’s share is 66.7% ($4,000 / $6,000 = .667 or 66.7%).

Prepare a Child Support Worksheet to determine child support for the 2 children in Logan’s household. Locate the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income figure of $6,000 on the Schedule. Select the child support figure in the column for the 2 children in this household, $1,429. Parker’s share is 33.3% of $1,429, or $476 ($1,429 x .333 = $476).

Prepare a Child Support Worksheet to determine child support for the 1 child in Parker’s household. Locate the Combined Adjusted Child Support Income figure of $6,000. Select the child support figure in the column for the 1 child in this household, $953. Logan’s share is 66.7% of $953, or $635 ($953 x .667 = $635).

Logan’s obligation to pay Parker $635 is reduced by Parker’s $476 obligation to pay Logan. Thus, Logan pays $159 per month to Parker.

If the parents have multiple children with different parenting plans but one parent does not have more than half of the parenting time with any of the children, prepare only 1 Child Support Worksheet. The child support obligation is determined by using an average of the total number of parenting days by adding the total amount of parenting days for each child and dividing that number by the total number of children.

Example: Kyle and Micah have 2 minor children, 1 for whom Kyle has no parenting time and 1 with whom Kyle and Micah share essentially equal parenting time. Prepare 1 Child Support Worksheet. When entering the Adjustment for Costs Associated with Parenting Time for Kyle, divide Kyle’s total number of parenting days for both children, 182, by the total number of children, 2. Thus, Kyle’s Adjustment for Costs Associated with Parenting Time is calculated for 91 days, which under the Parenting Time Table is .15.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION VI. DETERMINING THE PROPORTIONATE SHARE OF THE PRESUMPTIVE CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATION BY ACCOUNTING FOR OTHER COSTS

If a parent pays any cost under Sections III.B.3 through III.B.6 above, deduct those costs from that parent’s Proportionate Share of the Combined Child Support Obligation. The result is that parent’s Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation, which is then used in the Self-Support Reserve Test process in Section VIII.B below.

 

Example: Sage pays for medical insurance through Sage’s employer. This cost is added to the Basic Child Support Obligation under Section III.B, then prorated between the parents to arrive at each parent’s Proportionate Child Support Obligation. Because Sage has paid the cost to a third-party (the insurance company), the cost is deducted from Sage’s child support obligation because this portion of Sage’s Child Support Obligation has already been paid.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION VII. PRESUMPTIVE CHILD SUPPORT AWARD

The Preliminary Child Support Obligation is the amount arrived at after completing Sections II (Determining Income), III (Determining the Combined Child Support Obligation), IV (Determining Each Parent’s Proportionate Share of the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation), V (Adjustment for Costs Associated with Parenting Time), and VI (Determining the Presumptive Child Support Obligation), above.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION VIII. APPLYING THE SELF-SUPPORT RESERVE TEST

A. A Self-Support Reserve Test is used to verify that the paying parent is financially able to pay the Child Support Order and to maintain at least a minimum standard of living.

B. The Self-Support Reserve is an amount equal to 80% of the monthly full-time earnings at the state minimum wage for the year for which child support is calculated (the Self-Support Reserve amount).

C. For purposes of the Self-Support Reserve Test only, deduct the Self-Support Reserve amount from the paying parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income.

D. The amount from Section VIII.C above is the Self-Support Reserve Test result. For the parent who pays child support, subtract the Self-Support Reserve Test result from that parent’s Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation as determined in Section VI above.

1. If the resulting amount is the same or more than the Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation for the parent who pays child support, the court orders the Guidelines’ amount.

Example: The Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation for the parent who pays child support is $400. The Adjusted Child Support Income of the parent who pays child support is $2,106 (minimum wage of $12.15 per hour). The Self-Support Reserve amount is $1,685 ($12.15 x 40 hours x 52 weeks = $25,272 / 12 months = $2,106 x .80 = $1,685). Subtracting the Self-Support Reserve amount of $1,685 from the paying parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income of $2,106 leaves $421.

Because this resulting amount of $421 is greater than the $400 Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation for the parent who pays child support, the court orders the Guidelines’ child support of $400.

2. If the resulting amount is less than the Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation for the parent who pays child support but more than zero, the court may reduce the Child Support Order to the resulting amount.

Example: The proportionate share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation for the parent who pays child support is $500. The Adjusted Child Support Income of the parent who pays child support is $2,106 (minimum wage of $12.15 per hour). The Self-Support Reserve amount is $1,685 ($12.15 x 40 hours x 52 weeks = $25,272 / 12 months = $2,106 x .80 = $1,685). Subtracting the Self-Support Reserve amount of $1,685 from the paying parent’s Adjusted Child Support Income of $2,106 leaves $421.

Because this resulting amount of $421 is less than the $500 Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation for the parent who pays child support, the court may reduce the Child Support Order to the resulting amount of $421. However, under Section VIII.F below, before making any reduction, the court considers the self-support capability of the parent who receives child support by applying the same Self-Support Reserve Test.

3. Reduce the Child Support Order based on the Self-Support Reserve Test in Section II.B.2.f and Section VIII above.

Example: Dakota and Alex have 1 child, who resides with Alex. Dakota does not exercise any parenting time with the child.

Dakota receives $1,400 per month as Child Support Income due to a disability. Alex’s Child Support Income is $4,000 per month. The Combined Child Support Income is $5,400 of which Dakota’s share is 25.93% ($1,400 / $5,400 = 25.93%). The Basic Child Support Obligation is $914 for 1 child. Dakota’s Proportionate Share of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation is $237 ($914 x .2593 = $237).

The Self-Support Reserve amount is $1,685 ($12.15 x 40 hours x 52 weeks = $25,272 / 12 months = $2,106 x .80 = $1,685). Subtracting the Self-Support Reserve amount of $1,685 from Dakota’s Adjusted Child Support Income of $1,400 leaves a negative $237 ($1,400–$1,685 = $-237).

Because this resulting amount leaves a negative, the result is zero for Dakota. In that event, the court may order no child support or may enter a nominal child support award to be paid by Dakota. However, under Section VIII.F below, before making any reduction, the court considers the self-support capability of Alex by applying the same Self-Support Reserve Test.

E. In deciding whether to reduce the Child Support Amount under Sections VIII.D.2 and VIII.D.3 above, the court considers the financial impact the reduction would have on the receiving parent’s household.

F. The Self-Support Reserve Test in this Section VIII applies only to the current child support obligation and does not prohibit the court from ordering an additional amount to reduce child support arrears for the parent who pays child support.

G. The computer-based Child Support Worksheet will perform all the Self-Support Reserve Test calculations.

H. Application and adjustment for the Self-Support Reserve Test amount is not a deviation under Section IX.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION IX. DEVIATIONS

A. A deviation occurs when a court orders child support in an amount different from the amount determined under Sections I through VIII of these Guidelines.

B. The court must deviate if, after considering all relevant factors, including those set forth in Arizona Revised Statutes Section 25-320 and applicable case law, it finds all of the following criteria are met:

1. Applying the Guidelines is inappropriate or unjust in the particular case;

2. The court has considered the child’s best interests in determining the amount of a deviation. A deviation that reduces the amount of child support paid is not, by itself, contrary to the child’s best interests;

3. The court makes written findings regarding 1. and 2. above in the Child Support Order, Minute Entry, or Child Support Worksheet;

4. The court shows what the Order would have been without the deviation; and

5. The court shows what the Order is after deviating.

C. The court may deviate from the Guidelines based on the parties’ agreement if it finds all of the following criteria are met:

1. The agreement is in writing or stated on the record under Rule 69, Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure;

2. All parties have entered into the agreement with knowledge of the amount of child support that would have been ordered under the Guidelines but for the agreement;

3. All parties have entered the agreement free of duress and coercion; and

4. The court complies with the requirements of Section IX.B above.

D. Circumstances that may warrant a deviation include, but are not limited to, cases in which:

1. A significant disparity of income exists between the parents and each parent has significant parenting time;

2. The combined income exceeds $30,000 monthly and there is a significant disparity in income between the parents;

3. One parent is paying a disproportionate share of the child’s expenses and there is significant parenting time for each parent;

4. The parenting plan will require a parent to incur significant travel expenses related to parenting time and the cost thereof in combination with child support may impede the parent’s ability to exercise parenting time;

5. The payment of child support would compromise the parent’s ability to receive and afford out-of-pocket necessary and extraordinary health care or mental health services; or

6. Unusual emotional or physical needs of a natural or adopted child not common to the parties if that child requires that parent’s presence in the home.

E. It is not a deviation to:

1. Round off the monthly child support amount for ease of accounting;

2. Compromise on any individual figure incorporated in the Guidelines’ calculation (such as a parenting time adjustment or a parent’s Child Support Income);

3. Reduce the Child Support Order based on the Self-Support Reserve Test in Section VIII above; or

4. Order zero child support if the monthly child support amount would be less than the monthly Support Clearinghouse Fee in Section X.A.5 below.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION X. THE CHILD SUPPORT ORDER

A. Determining the Final Child Support Order.

1. The amount determined under Sections I through IX above is the Final Child Support Obligation, subject to reduction under Section X.B below.

2. Who pays the Final Child Support Award is determined as follows:

a. If the Final Child Support Award is a positive number;

i. The parent with less parenting time pays child support to the parent with more parenting time, or

Example: Rory and Finley have 1 child, who is 15 years old. Rory earns $4,000 per month, and Finley earns $3,000 per month. The Combined Child Support Income is $7,000 per month of which Rory earns 57% ($4,000 / $7,000 = .57). Finley earns 43% ($3,000 / $7,000 = .43). Rory has 110 days of parenting time with the child each year, which results in a .175 Parenting Adjustment.

• On the Schedule, the Basic Child Support Obligation for a Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $7,000 for 1 child is $1,031.

• Add 10% or $103 ($1,031 x .10 = $103) because the child is over 12 years of age.

• The Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation is $1,134 ($1,031 + $103 = $1,134).

• Rory’s share is 57% of $1,134, or $646 ($1,134 x .57 = $646). Finley’s share is 43% of $1,134, or $488 ($1,134 x .43 = $488).

• The court-approved parenting plan results in an adjustment of $198 to Rory’s share of the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation ($1,134 x .175 = $198 for 110 days).

• After adjusting for parenting time, Rory’s share is $448 ($646–$198 = $448).

• Rory pays child support to Finley in the amount of $448 per month.

ii. When the parents have essentially equal parenting time, the parent with the higher Adjusted Child Support Income pays child support to the parent with the lower Adjusted Child Support Income.

Example: Quinn and Billie have 1 child, who is 8 years old. Quinn earns $4,000 per month, and Billie earns $3,000 per month. The Combined Child Support Income is $7,000 per month of which Quinn earns 57% ($4,000 / $7,000 = .57). Billie earns 43% ($3,000 / $7,000 = .43). Quinn pays for medical insurance coverage for the child, costing $250 per month, as well as $200 per month for child care expenses. Quinn and Billie have essentially equal parenting time.

• On the Schedule, the Basic Child Support Obligation for a Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $7,000 for 1 child is $1,031.

• Added to Basic Child Support Obligation are the medical insurance ($250) and child care expenses ($200) ($1,031 + $250 + $200 = $1,481).

• The Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation is $1,481.

• Quinn’s share is 57% of $1,481, or $844 ($1,481 x .57 = $844). Billie’s share is 43% of $1,481, or $637 ($1,481 x .43 = $637).

• The court-approved parenting plan results in an adjustment of $515.50 to Quinn’s share of the Basic Child Support Obligation ($1,031 x .50 for essentially equal parenting time).

• After adjusting for parenting time, Quinn’s share is $328.50 ($844–$515.50 = $328.50).

• Quinn’s Preliminary Child Support Obligation of $328.50 is reduced by $250 for medical insurance and $200 for child care expenses paid by Quinn, resulting in a negative number ($328.50–$250–$200 = $-121.50).

• Billie pays child support to Quinn in the amount of $121.50 ($122 rounded) per month.

b. If the Final Child Support Amount is a negative number; or

i. The parent with more parenting time pays child support to the parent with less parenting time, or

Example: Leslie and Jamie have one child, who is 15 years of age. Leslie earns $3,000 per month, and Jamie earns $6,000 per month.

The Combined Child Support Income is $9,000 per month of which Leslie earns 33.3% ($3,000 / $9,000 = .333). Jamie earns 66.7% ($6,000 / $9,000 = .667). Leslie pays for medical insurance coverage for the child, costing $200 per month. Leslie has 145 days of parenting time with the child each year.

• On the Schedule, the Basic Child Support Obligation for a Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $9,000 for 1 child is $1,188.

• Add 10% or $119 ($1,188 x .10 = $118.80 or $119 rounded) because the child is over 12 years of age, as well as $200 for the cost of medical insurance coverage.

• The Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation is $1,507 ($1,188 + $119 + $200).

• Leslie’s share is 33% of $1,507, or $497 ($1,507 x .333 = $497). Jamie’s share is 67% of $1,507, or $1,010 ($1,507 x .667 = $1,010).

• The court-approved parenting plan results in an adjustment of $386 to Leslie’s share of the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation ($1,188 x .325 = $386 for 145 days).

• After adjusting for parenting time, Leslie’s share is $111 ($497–$386 = $111).

• Subtract from Leslie’s share $200 for the cost of the medical insurance for the child, which is paid by Leslie ($111–$200 = $-89). The resulting obligation is negative $89.

• Jamie is ordered to pay $89 to Leslie, despite Jamie having more parenting time than Leslie.

ii. When the parents have essentially equal parenting time, the parent with the lower Adjusted Child Support Income pays child support to the parent with the higher Adjusted Child Support Income.

Example: Reese and Blake have 1 child, who is 15 years of age. Reese earns $5,000 per month, and Blake earns $4,000 per month.

The Combined Child Support Income is $9,000 per month of which Reese earns 55.55% ($5,000 / $9,000 = .5555). Blake earns 44.45% ($4,000 / $9,000 = .4445). Reese pays for medical insurance for the child, costing $500 per month. Reese and Blake have essentially equal parenting time.

• On the Schedule, the Basic Child Support Obligation for a Combined Adjusted Child Support Income of $9,000 for 1 child is $1,188.

• Add 10% or $119 ($1,188 x .10 = $118.80 or $119 rounded) because the child is over 12 years of age, as well as $500 for the cost of the medical insurance.

• The Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation is $1,807 ($1,188 + $119 + $500 = $1,807).

• Reese’s share is 55.55% of $1,807, or $1,004 ($1,807 x .5555 = $1,003.78 or $1,004 rounded). Blake’s share is 44.45% of $1,807, or $803 ($1,807 x .4445 = $803.21 or $803 rounded).

• The court-approved parenting plan results in an adjustment of $594 to Reese’s share of the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation ($1,188 x .50 for essentially equal parenting time).

• After adjusting for the parenting time, Reese’s share of the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation is $410 ($1,004–$594 = $410).

• Subtract from Reese’s share $500 for the cost of the medical insurance for the child, which is paid by Reese. The resulting obligation is negative $90 ($410–$500 = $-90).

• Blake is ordered to pay $90 to Reese, despite Reese having more income than Blake and essentially equal parenting time.

c. If the Final Child Support Amount is zero, no child support is ordered.

3. The parent receiving child support is presumed to spend his or her share directly on the child.

4. For all awards, the Final Child Support Award is rounded to the nearest whole dollar. A rounded amount is not a deviation under Section IX.E.1 above.

5. If the amount of child support is less than the current Support Clearinghouse Fee, the court does not impose a Child Support Award unless a deviated award is warranted under Section IX.B. It is not a deviation under Section IX.E.4 if an Award is not imposed because it is less than the Support Clearinghouse Fee.

B. Credits Against Child Support Order: Income and Benefits Received By or on Behalf of Children.

1. If a parent receives benefits on behalf of a child, as a result of contributions made by the other parent who is ordered to pay child support arising from the paying parent’s eligibility for benefits such as Social Security Retirement and Disability Insurance, those benefits are credited to reduce the paying parent’s child support obligation as follows:

a. If the amount of the child’s benefit for a given month is equal to or greater than the paying parent’s Presumptive Child Support Obligation, then that parent’s obligation is satisfied;

b. Any benefit received by the child for a given month in excess of the Presumptive Child Support Obligation is not treated as an arrearage payment nor as a credit toward future child support payments; and

c. If the amount of the child’s benefit for a given month is less than the paying parent’s Presumptive Child Support Obligation, the paying parent pays the difference unless the court, in its discretion, modifies the Child Support Order to equal the benefits being received at that time.

2. If a parent earns income or receives money by or for the benefit of an adult child for whom child support is ordered to continue past the age of majority under Arizona Revised Statutes Subsections 25-320(E) and 25-809(F), that amount may be credited to reduce any child support obligation.

3. Other than court-ordered child support payments, if a parent earns income or receives money by or for the benefit of a minor child, including adoption subsidies, Supplemental Security Income, and subsidies arising from the disability of a child, that amount is not credited to reduce either parent’s child support obligation.

C. Non-Covered Medical Expenses.

1. For this paragraph’s purposes, a non-covered medical expense means medically necessary medical, dental, or vision care as defined by Internal Revenue Service Publication 502. It includes uninsured medical expenses and unreimbursed medical expenses, such as copays and insurance deductibles incurred for care of the child.

2. The Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation is not adjusted for a child’s non-covered medical expenses.

3. The Child Support Order specifies the percentage each parent pays for non-covered medical expenses.

4. Unless good cause is shown, any request for payment or reimbursement of uninsured or unreimbursed medical, dental, or vision expenses must include date of service, name of provider, and a brief description of the goods or services rendered; and be provided to the other parent within 180 days of the date when the cost was incurred.

a. The parent responsible for payment or reimbursement must pay his or her share or make acceptable payment arrangements with the provider or person entitled to reimbursement within 45 days after receiving the request unless the court orders otherwise.

b. A parent who is entitled to receive reimbursement from the other parent for non-covered medical costs must, upon the other parent’s request, provide receipts or other evidence of payments actually being made.

5. Both parents should use their best efforts to obtain services that the insurance covers.

D. Court Findings.

1. The court must make findings in the record as to: Child Support Income; Adjusted Child Support Income; Basic Child Support Obligation; Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation; each parent’s Proportionate Share of the Adjusted Basic Child Support Obligation; and the Final Child Support Order.

2. The court may make the findings by incorporating a worksheet containing this information into the order.

3. If the court attributes income above minimum wage income, the court must explain the reason for its decision.

4. The Child Support Order must be for a monthly amount certain and due on the first of a specified month.

5. A new Child Support Order must be filed upon any change in the amount or due date of the Child Support Obligation.

E. Exchange of Information.

1. The court must order the parents to exchange financial information–such as tax returns, financial affidavits, and earning statements–at least every 24 months.

2. Unless the court orders otherwise, when the parents exchange financial information, they also must exchange residential addresses and their employers’ names and addresses.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION XI. TAX BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH MINOR CHILDREN

A. History of Federal and State Tax Benefits.

Under federal and state tax law, there are potential tax benefits associated with minor children. To the extent the law allows for allocation of those benefits, the Guidelines are designed to allow for the tax benefits to be assigned between the parents’ proportionate to their Child Support Income.

Historically, parents were entitled to claim children as personal exemptions on income tax returns, but the deduction for personal exemptions was suspended for tax years 2018 through 2025 by the federal Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. For these years, taxpayers cannot claim a deduction for exemptions, but may be eligible to claim the child tax credit and the additional child tax credit. For the purpose of this Section XI, these tax credits are referred to as the “tax benefits.” These changes in tax law do not affect other tax benefits, such as the earned income credit, dependent care credit, or head of household filing status.

B. Allocation of the Tax Benefits.

1. When a Child Support Order is established or modified, the federal and state tax benefits related to the child tax credit(s) for the minor children are allocated between the parents by agreement or by court order.

a. Unless otherwise agreed, the federal and state tax benefits are allocated in a manner that allows each parent to claim allowable tax benefits in proportion to the Combined Child Support Income of both parents.

b. This allocation may be done by allocating the federal and state tax benefits for the child in a single tax year or by allocating the federal and state tax benefits for the child in specific tax years. A tax year is one calendar year from January 1 through December 31. An income tax return is filed in the months following that tax year.

Example 1: Emerson and Kai have 1 child in common who is the subject of this Child Support Order. Assume Emerson earns $6,000 per month and Kai earns $3,000 per month, for a combined Child Support Income of $9,000 per month. Emerson earns 2/3 of the total monthly income ($6,000 divided by the total combined income of $9,000 per month) and Kai earns 1/3 of the total monthly income ($3,000 divided by the total combined income of $9,000). Emerson is entitled to claim the child in 2 consecutive tax years and Kai is entitled to claim the child every 3rd tax year. This pattern would continue for the duration of the child’s minority, unless modified by further court order.

Example 2: Assume the same set of facts as Example 1 above relating to income but instead of having 1 child in common, assume Emerson and Kai have 3 children in common who are the subject of this Child Support Order. Emerson is entitled to claim 2 of the 3 children each tax year. Kai is entitled to claim 1 of the 3 children each tax year, unless modified by further court order.

c. A parent paying for childcare may be eligible for a tax benefit for child care costs, such as the child and dependent care credit. If evidence is presented, the court may consider this tax benefit when determining the total child support award.

2. If a parent otherwise entitled to a proportionate share of a tax benefit would derive no tax benefit from claiming the child on income tax returns in any given tax year, then the tax benefit may be allocated by agreement or by court order to the parent who would derive a tax benefit for that tax year.

3. If a parent otherwise entitled to a proportionate share of a tax benefit has demonstrated a historical pattern of non-payment of child support and unless changed circumstances demonstrate the parent will likely pay the order in the future such as through the issuance of an income withholding order, the court may deny that parent the right to present or future tax benefits.

4. To avoid adverse financial and legal consequences, parents should consult their own tax advisor if they are uncertain about their responsibility to release the tax credit to the other parent or to receive the tax credit in any given year.

5. Subject to the provisions in Section XI.C below, an Internal Revenue Service Form 8332 needs to be signed by the parent who is releasing the tax benefit by no later than January 31 of the year immediately following the tax year. The completed Form 8332 may then be filed by the other parent with their income tax return to claim the tax benefit.

Example: Arden and Harper have 1 child. Arden has the majority of parenting time and would be entitled to claim the child under applicable tax law in that tax year. However, the court order allocates the tax benefit to Harper in that tax year and Harper has paid in full the Child Support Obligation for that tax year. Subject to the provisions in Section XI.C below, Arden would be required to execute and deliver the required tax forms that release the tax benefit to Harper by no later than January 31 of the year that immediately follows the tax year.

C. Condition for Entitlement to Tax Benefit.

1. The court may condition the claiming of the tax benefit as ordered for that taxable year upon a parent’s payment of the Child Support Obligation by December 31 of the tax year. Certain payments of child support are facilitated through wage assignment and are withheld in equal amounts from each pay period earning. As a result, any amounts withheld from the pay period that includes the last days of the calendar year and received by the Child Support Clearinghouse by January 15 of the following year are credited for the prior year’s total child support payments.

2. For the purpose of this Section XI only, the Child Support Obligation:

a. Is defined as the total ordered monthly payments for current child support due to the parent who receives child support for that tax year as well as any ordered monthly payment for child support arrears (including past care and support) due to the parent who receives child support for that tax year. Ordered monthly payments include those required by court order or required by administrative income withholding order; and

b. Does not include any past due or unpaid reimbursements, such as a parent’s proportionate share of non-covered medical expenses, contributions toward activity expenses, or any other child-related costs that are not ordered monthly payments for current child support and any ordered monthly payment for child support arrears. Nothing in this Section XI.C limits a parent’s ability to collect those other reimbursement obligations through appropriate available procedures separate from the allocation of the tax benefit process.

3. The following examples illustrate the method for determining whether the condition has been met for any tax year:

(A x B) + (C x D) = $ _____

A–Ordered monthly payment for current Child Support Obligation;

B–Number of months the order for payment of current child support has been in place;

C–Ordered monthly payment for child support arrears obligation;

D–Number of months the order for payment for child support arrears has been in place; and

$–Total Child Support Obligation that should have been paid by year-end.

 

A

B

C

D

$

Total Amount Received by Clearinghouse by January 15

Entitled to Tax Benefit?

Example 1

$400

12

$0

0

$4,800

$4,800

Yes

Example 2

$400

12

$100

12

$6,000

$6,000

Yes

Example 3

$400

8

$0

0

$3,200

$1,500

No

Example 4

$400

8

$100

8

$4,000

$3,200

No

4. If a parent who is required to pay monthly child support is entitled by court order to claim the tax benefit in a given tax year but has not fully paid the Child Support Obligation for that tax year, the parent entitled to receive child support may become entitled to claim the tax benefit for that tax year, and may elect to pursue those tax benefits. To claim the tax benefit in a tax year not otherwise assigned to the parent who receives child support, the following procedure applies:

a. If either parent believes there is an issue regarding the allocation of the tax benefit for the prior year, the parties are expected to communicate by no later than January 20 following the tax year and attempt to resolve the issue. The parties should confirm any agreement or failure to reach an agreement in writing;

b. If no agreement is reached and the parent who receives child support elects to pursue the tax benefits that were otherwise allocated to the parent who pays child support for that tax year, the parent who receives child support must provide written notice to the parent who pays child support by no later than January 31 following the tax year, detailing the amount that was court-ordered to have been paid for the child support obligation for that tax year and the total dollar amount of the purported shortfall;

c. Following such notice and if the parent who pays child support objects and believes the tax benefit should remain as previously ordered by the court, the parent who pays child support has 20 calendar days from the date of the written notice to file an enforcement petition with the court. The petition must identify the facts that are in dispute and must include a Request for Hearing on the issue;

i. If the dollar amount of shortfall is nominal, the court may affirm the prior order regarding the allocation of tax benefits, or

ii. If the dollar amount of shortfall is not nominal, the court must set a timely hearing through an order to appear. The parent who pays child support must ensure that service of process of the petition and order to appear is accomplished under the Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure.

d. If no enforcement petition is filed within the required 20 calendar days, the parent who receives child support is entitled to claim the tax benefit for that prior tax year only. The tax benefit for all future years is allocated consistent with the prior court order unless there is a subsequent failure to meet the Total Child Support Obligation or the court orders otherwise;

e. If the parent who pays child support files a timely enforcement petition and a contested hearing is conducted, the burden of proof is on the parent who pays child support to establish that the parent has met the conditions for claiming the tax benefit; and

f. Following the hearing, if the court determines that either parent acted unreasonably by ignoring this procedure or in bringing or defending this action, the court may award attorney fees and costs associated with filing or defending against the petition under Arizona Revised Statutes Section 25-324. The court also may consider further sanctions, including costs associated with a parent having to file an amended tax return and reallocation of future tax benefits.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION XII. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES

A. Travel Expenses Associated with Parenting Time.

1. The court may allocate travel expenses of the child associated with parenting time in cases where one-way travel exceeds 100 miles. In doing so, the court considers the means of the parents and may consider how their conduct (such as a change of residence) has affected the costs of parenting time. To the extent possible, any allocation must ensure that the child has continued contact with each parent.

2. A parent who is entitled to receive reimbursement from the other parent for the child’s allocated travel expenses must, upon the other parent’s request, provide receipts or other evidence of payments actually being made.

3. Absent a deviation under Section XI above, the allocation of the child’s travel expenses does not change the amount of the Child Support Order.

B. Gifts in Lieu of Money. Once the court orders child support, the child support must be paid in money. Gifts of clothing, etc. in lieu of money are not to be offset against the Child Support Order unless the court orders otherwise.

C. Third-Party Caregivers. If a child lives with a third-party caregiver under a court order, an administrative placement by a state agency, or other color of authority, the third-party caregiver is entitled to receive child support payments from each parent on the child’s behalf. When calculating the amount of child support to be awarded to a third-party caregiver, the third-party caregiver’s expenses are considered under Section III.B.3 through III.B.6 above, but not the third-party caregiver’s income.

 

Example: Charlie and Drew have 1 child together who is living with a grandparent. Neither parent exercises parenting time.

 

Charlie has an Adjusted Child Support Income of $3,000 per month and Drew has an Adjusted Child Support Income of $2,000 per month. The Combined Child Support Income is $5,000 per month of which Charlie earns 60% ($3,000 / $5,000 = .60). Drew earns 40% ($2,000 / $5,000 = .40). The grandparent pays $250 per month in childcare costs.

 

• The Basic Child Support Obligation for 1 child and Combined Child Support Income of $5,000 is $883.

 

• Add the childcare costs paid by the grandparent ($250) to the Basic Child Support Obligation, resulting in a total obligation of $1,133 ($883 + $250 = $1,133).

 

• Charlie’s share is 60% of $1,133, or $680 ($1,133 x .60 = $679.80 or $680 rounded), which Charlie is ordered to pay to the grandparent.

 

• Drew’s share is 40% of $1,133, or $453 ($1,133 x .40 = $453.20 or $453 rounded), which Drew is ordered to pay to the grandparent.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION XIII. STATE INVOLVEMENT IN CHILD SUPPORT CASES

A. Title IV-D Child Support Program. The Arizona Division of Child Support Services (DCSS), the Arizona Title IV-D agency, provides services to any person who needs assistance in establishing paternity and establishing, modifying, or enforcing support, without regard to whether any party has received public assistance. Assistance may be provided to either parent or a caretaker with physical custody of a child. The parent or someone seeking support may ask DCSS for assistance in pursuing child support by applying for services (https://des.az.gov/dcss). These Guidelines apply to all child support cases, including those brought under Title IV-D.

B. Child Support Assigned to the State. A person who receives cash assistance assigns their right to child support during the time period the person receives assistance. These Guidelines, and not the amount of public assistance expended, control the amount of child support to be paid. However, if child support has been assigned to the state under Arizona Revised Statutes Section 46-407, a parent’s obligation to pay child support may not be waived by a parent or offset by child support arrearages that may be owed to that parent.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION XIV. MODIFICATION

A. General Information. Child support modification is governed by Arizona Revised Statutes Sections 25-327 and 25-503 and by Rules 91 and 91.1, the Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure. To qualify for a modification, the parent seeking to modify child support must show a substantial and continuing change in circumstances. The modification can be sought in one of two ways: (1) the standard procedure; or (2) the simplified procedure.

B. Standard Procedure. A parent, any party who is entitled to receive child support (such as a third-party caregiver described in Section XII.C above), or the Title IV-D agency may petition the court to modify an existing Child Support Order. The petitioning party bears the burden of showing of a substantial and continuing change of circumstances from the date when the existing Child Support Order was filed.

C. Simplified Procedure.

1. A parent, any party who is entitled to receive child support (such as a third-party caregiver described in Section XII.C above), or the Title IV-D agency may request the court to modify a Child Support Order through a simplified procedure:

a. To modify the child support amount if application of the guidelines results in an order that varies 15% or more from the existing amount. A 15% variation in the amount of the order is considered evidence of substantial and continuing change of circumstances; or

b. To modify a Child Support Order to assign or alter the responsibility to provide medical insurance for a child who is subject of a Child Support Order. A modification of the medical assignment or responsibility does not need to vary by 15% or more from the existing amount to use the simplified procedure.

2. A party seeking modification by the simplified procedure under this Section XIV.C must use forms provided by the Arizona Supreme Court (https://www.azcourts.gov/selfservicecenter/Forms) or substantially similar forms, including a Petition to Modify (Change) Child Support (Simplified Process), Request for Hearing (Simplified Process), Child Support Worksheet, Affidavit of Financial Information, and Child Support Order. The Clerk of the Superior Court can help locate the forms for this process.

3. A request for modification of the child support amount must be accompanied by a completed and sworn Child Support Worksheet, and documentation supporting the incomes if different from the court’s most recent findings regarding income of the parents. If the party requesting the modification is unable to provide documentation supporting the other party’s income, the requesting party must indicate that the income amount is attributed/estimated and state the basis for the amount listed. The Title IV-D agency may submit a Child Support Worksheet.

4. A copy of the Request for Modification of Child Support and the Child Support Worksheet, including supporting documentation, must be served on the other parent, or on both parents if filed by the state Title IV-D agency, under Rule 27(d), Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure.

5. If the parent receiving service disputes the requested modification, that parent must request a hearing:

a. Within 20 days of service if service is made in Arizona, as provided in Rules 24.1(b) and 41(a)(3), Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure; or

b. Within 30 days of service if service is made outside the state, as provided in Rules 24.1(c) and 41(a)(4), Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure.

6. A party requesting a hearing must file a written request for hearing accompanied by a completed and sworn Child Support Worksheet. Copies of the documents filed, together with the notice of hearing, must be served by first-class mail not less than 10 judicial days before the hearing on the other party and, if appropriate, the Title IV-D agency.

7. If any party seeks a hearing within the time allowed, the court must conduct such hearing. No order may be modified without a hearing if a hearing is properly and timely requested.

8. If no hearing is sought within the time allowed, the court reviews the proof of service and the request for modification and enters an appropriate order or sets the matter for hearing.

9. The notice provision of Rule 44, Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure, does not apply to this simplified modification procedure.

D. Effect of Cessation of Child Support for One Child.

1. If child support for more than 1 child was ordered and the duty to support 1 or more, but not all, of the children later stops, the order is not automatically reduced by that child’s share.

2. To modify a Child Support Order based upon the cessation of the child support obligation for any child, the party must seek to modify the Child Support Order using either the standard procedure or the simplified procedure as discussed in Sections XIV.B and XIV.C above.

3. To determine the new child support amount, apply the Guidelines for the remaining minor children.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION XV. DURATION AND TERMINATION

A. Duration of child support is governed by Arizona Revised Statutes Sections 25-320 and 25-501, except as provided in Arizona Revised Statutes Section 25-1304.

B. A presumptive termination date must be set to facilitate the orderly termination of current monthly support obligation, particularly if there is an income withholding order in the case. For orders originating in Arizona, the computer-based Child Support Worksheet will perform this calculation. For orders originating outside of Arizona, the termination date is controlled by the issuing state or jurisdiction.

C. For the purposes of determining the presumptive termination date, it is presumed:

1. That a child not yet in school will enter 1st grade if the child reaches age 6 on or before September 1 of the year in which the child reaches age 6; otherwise, it is presumed that the child will enter 1st grade the following year; and

2. That a child will graduate in the month of May after completing the 12th grade.

D. The presumptive termination date is the last day of the month of the 18th birthday of the youngest child included in the order unless the court finds that it is projected that the youngest child will not complete high school by age 18. In that event, the presumptive termination date is the last day of the month of the anticipated graduation date, or age 19, whichever occurs first. The computer-based Child Support Worksheet will perform this calculation.

E. Upon entry of an initial or modified Child Support Order, the court must, or in any subsequent action relating to the Child Support Order, the court may, establish a presumptive date for the termination of the current Child Support Obligation. The presumptive termination date:

1. Must be included in an income withholding order; and

2. May be modified upon changed circumstances.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION XVI. CHILD SUPPORT ARREARS

A. Arrears accrue when a parent fails to pay the court-ordered amount of monthly child support as it becomes due. Interest accrues on the arrears at the rate set under Arizona Revised Statutes Subsections 25-510(E)-(F).

B. When setting an amount for a payment on arrears, the court must consider all factors, including the accrual of interest on the arrears. If the court sets a payment on arrears at less than the amount of the accruing monthly interest, the court must make a finding as to why the amount is less than the accruing monthly interest.

C. Upon a showing of substantial and continuing changed circumstances, the court may adjust the amount of payment on arrears.

D. When a parent’s current child support obligation terminates but the parent still owes arrears, the income withholding order may remain in effect until the arrears and any accruing interest are paid. The court may modify the income withholding order to an amount less than the current child support amount and the payment on arrears. Before making any modification, the court must consider the total amount of arrears and the accruing interest, and the time that it will take the obligor to pay these amounts.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

SECTION XVII. EFFECTIVE DATE AND GROUNDS FOR MODIFICATION

A. All Child Support Orders entered after January 1, 2022, are made under these Guidelines, whether they be original orders or modifications of pre-existing orders, except in the following circumstances:

1. The parties agree to use the Guidelines in effect at the time of filing the action;

2. The court determines there is good cause to use the Guidelines in effect at the time of filing the action; or

3. The court enters a default, the Guidelines in effect at the time of filing the action apply.

B. A substantial variance between an existing Child Support Order and an amount resulting from application of these Guidelines may be considered evidence of a substantial and continuing change of circumstances for the purposes of a modification. A variance of at least 15% is evidence of a substantial and continuing change of circumstances.

 

Effective for child support orders entered on or after January 1, 2022.

 

SCHEDULE OF BASIC SUPPORT OBLIGATION

Article 5. Domestic Relations Education on Children's Issues

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-351. Domestic relations education; plan; administration

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The superior court in each county shall adopt and implement an educational program for the purpose of educating persons about the impact of divorce on adults and children.

B. The supreme court shall adopt minimum standards for educational programs. The presiding judge of the superior court in each county shall submit an educational program plan to the supreme court for approval. The plan shall be consistent with the minimum standards that are adopted by the supreme court, including the length and nature of the program, the qualifications of program providers and the means by which the program will be evaluated and maintained. Beginning January 1, 2013, these standards shall require that educational programs at a minimum include instruction related to all of the following:

1. The emotional, psychological, financial, physical and other short-term and long-term effects of divorce on adults and children.

2. Options available as alternatives to divorce.

3. Resources available to improve or strengthen marriage.

4. The legal process of divorce and options available for mediation.

5. Resources available after divorce.

C. Each program shall also include information regarding the notification requirements of § 25-403.05, subsection B.

D. The presiding judge of the superior court or a judge who is designated by the presiding judge shall administer the program in each county and may provide or contract with political subdivisions in this state or private entities to provide the program to participants who are required to attend.

§ 25-352. Applicability of program; compliance

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In an action for dissolution of marriage, legal separation or annulment that involves a natural or an adopted minor, unemancipated child who is common to the parties or in any paternity proceeding under chapter 6, article 1 of this title [FN1] in which a party has requested that the court determine custody, specific parenting time or child support, the court shall order the parties to complete an educational program as prescribed by this article, unless any of the following applies:

1. On its own motion or the motion of either party the court determines that participation is not in the best interests of the parties or the child.

2. A party is or will be enrolled in an education program that the court deems comparable.

3. The court determines that a party previously has completed an educational program adopted pursuant to this article or a comparable program. The court may order a party to attend a program more than once.

B. In an action or proceeding involving child support or the modification or enforcement of parenting time or custody, the court may order either party or both parties to complete an educational program as prescribed by this article.

C. If the parties have a history of domestic violence as defined in § 13-3601 the court may enter appropriate orders that set forth the manner in which the parties shall participate in the program and shall make reasonable efforts to protect the safety of the participants.

D. Each party shall complete the educational program within the time ordered by the judge. The judge may extend the deadline for compliance.

§ 25-353. Failure to comply

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Unless the court excuses a party’s participation, if a party fails to complete the educational program as ordered pursuant to section 25-352 the court may deny relief in favor of that party, hold that party in contempt of court or impose any other sanction reasonable in the circumstances.

§ 25-355. Fees; deferral or waiver

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Each person who attends the educational program required by the court pursuant to section 25-352 may be required to pay to the clerk of the superior court a fee not to exceed fifty dollars that covers the cost of the program. The fee may be deferred or waived pursuant to section 12-302. Notwithstanding any other law, fees paid under this section shall be used exclusively for the purposes of domestic relations education programs that are established pursuant to section 25-351. The clerk shall transmit monthly the monies the clerk collects pursuant to this subsection to the county treasurer for deposit in the children’s issues education fund established by section 25-354.

Chapter 4. Legal Decision-Making and Parenting Time

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. Legal Decision-Making and Parenting Time

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-401. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “In loco parentis” means a person who has been treated as a parent by a child and who has formed a meaningful parental relationship with a child for a substantial period of time.

2. “Joint legal decision-making” means both parents share decision-making and neither parent’s rights or responsibilities are superior except with respect to specified decisions as set forth by the court or the parents in the final judgment or order.

3. “Legal decision-making” means the legal right and responsibility to make all nonemergency legal decisions for a child including those regarding education, health care, religious training and personal care decisions. For the purposes of interpreting or applying any international treaty, federal law, a uniform code or the statutes of other jurisdictions of the United States, legal decision-making means legal custody.

4. “Legal parent” means a biological or adoptive parent whose parental rights have not been terminated. Legal parent does not include a person whose paternity has not been established pursuant to § 25-812 or 25-814.

5. “Parenting time” means the schedule of time during which each parent has access to a child at specified times. Each parent during their scheduled parenting time is responsible for providing the child with food, clothing and shelter and may make routine decisions concerning the child’s care.

6. “Sole legal decision-making” means one parent has the legal right and responsibility to make major decisions for a child.

7. “Visitation” means a schedule of time that occurs with a child by someone other than a legal parent.

§ 25-402. Jurisdiction

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Before it conducts a proceeding concerning legal decision-making or parenting time, including a proceeding to determine the legal decision-making or visitation of a nonparent, a court in this state first must confirm its authority to do so to the exclusion of any other state, Indian tribe or foreign nation by complying with the uniform child custody jurisdiction and enforcement act, the parental kidnapping prevention act and any applicable international law concerning the wrongful abduction or removal of children.

B. The following persons may request legal decision-making or parenting time under the following circumstances:

1. A parent in any proceeding for marital dissolution, legal separation, annulment, paternity or modification of an earlier decree or judgment.

2. A person other than a parent, by filing a petition for third party rights under § 25-409 in the county in which the child permanently resides.

§ 25-403. Legal decision-making; best interests of child

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The court shall determine legal decision-making and parenting time, either originally or on petition for modification, in accordance with the best interests of the child. The court shall consider all factors that are relevant to the child’s physical and emotional well-being, including:

1. The past, present and potential future relationship between the parent and the child.

2. The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parent or parents, the child’s siblings and any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interest.

3. The child’s adjustment to home, school and community.

4. If the child is of suitable age and maturity, the wishes of the child as to legal decision-making and parenting time.

5. The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.

6. Which parent is more likely to allow the child frequent, meaningful and continuing contact with the other parent. This paragraph does not apply if the court determines that a parent is acting in good faith to protect the child from witnessing an act of domestic violence or being a victim of domestic violence or child abuse.

7. Whether one parent intentionally misled the court to cause an unnecessary delay, to increase the cost of litigation or to persuade the court to give a legal decision-making or a parenting time preference to that parent.

8. Whether there has been domestic violence or child abuse pursuant to § 25-403.03.

9. The nature and extent of coercion or duress used by a parent in obtaining an agreement regarding legal decision-making or parenting time.

10. Whether a parent has complied with chapter 3, article 5 of this title. [FN1]

11. Whether either parent was convicted of an act of false reporting of child abuse or neglect under § 13-2907.02.

B. In a contested legal decision-making or parenting time case, the court shall make specific findings on the record about all relevant factors and the reasons for which the decision is in the best interests of the child.

§ 25-403.01. Sole and joint legal decision-making and parenting time

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In awarding legal decision-making, the court may order sole legal decision-making or joint legal decision-making.

B. In determining the level of decision-making that is in the child’s best interests, the court shall consider the factors prescribed in § 25-403, subsection A and all of the following:

1. The agreement or lack of an agreement by the parents regarding joint legal decision-making.

2. Whether a parent’s lack of an agreement is unreasonable or is influenced by an issue not related to the child’s best interests.

3. The past, present and future abilities of the parents to cooperate in decision-making about the child to the extent required by the order of joint legal decision-making.

4. Whether the joint legal decision-making arrangement is logistically possible.

C. An order for sole legal decision-making does not allow the parent designated as sole legal decision-maker to alter unilaterally a court-ordered parenting time plan.

D. A parent who is not granted sole or joint legal decision-making is entitled to reasonable parenting time to ensure that the minor child has substantial, frequent, meaningful and continuing contact with the parent unless the court finds, after a hearing, that parenting time would endanger the child’s physical, mental, moral or emotional health.

§ 25-403.02. Parenting plans

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. If the child’s parents cannot agree on a plan for legal decision-making or parenting time, each parent must submit a proposed parenting plan.

B. Consistent with the child’s best interests in § 25-403 and §§ 25-403.03, 25-403.04 and 25-403.05, the court shall adopt a parenting plan that provides for both parents to share legal decision-making regarding their child and that maximizes their respective parenting time. The court shall not prefer a parent’s proposed plan because of the parent’s or child’s gender.

C. Parenting plans shall include at least the following:

1. A designation of the legal decision-making as joint or sole as defined in § 25-401.

2. Each parent’s rights and responsibilities for the personal care of the child and for decisions in areas such as education, health care and religious training.

3. A practical schedule of parenting time for the child, including holidays and school vacations.

4. A procedure for the exchanges of the child, including location and responsibility for transportation.

5. A procedure by which proposed changes, relocation of where a child resides with either parent pursuant to § 25-408, disputes and alleged breaches may be mediated or resolved, which may include the use of conciliation services or private counseling.

6. A procedure for periodic review of the plan’s terms by the parents.

7. A procedure for communicating with each other about the child, including methods and frequency.

8. A statement that each party has read, understands and will abide by the notification requirements of § 25-403.05, subsection B.

D. If the parents are unable to agree on any element to be included in a parenting plan, the court shall determine that element. The court may determine other factors that are necessary to promote and protect the emotional and physical health of the child.

E. Shared legal decision-making does not necessarily mean equal parenting time.

§ 25-403.03. Domestic violence and child abuse

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Notwithstanding subsection D of this section, joint legal decision-making shall not be awarded if the court makes a finding of the existence of significant domestic violence pursuant to § 13-3601 or if the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been a significant history of domestic violence.

B. The court shall consider evidence of domestic violence as being contrary to the best interests of the child. The court shall consider the safety and well-being of the child and of the victim of the act of domestic violence to be of primary importance. The court shall consider a perpetrator’s history of causing or threatening to cause physical harm to another person.

C. To determine if a person has committed an act of domestic violence the court, subject to the rules of evidence, shall consider all relevant factors including the following:

1. Findings from another court of competent jurisdiction.

2. Police reports.

3. Medical reports.

4. Records of the department of child safety.

5. Domestic violence shelter records.

6. School records.

7. Witness testimony.

D. If the court determines that a parent who is seeking sole or joint legal decision-making has committed an act of domestic violence against the other parent, there is a rebuttable presumption that an award of sole or joint legal decision-making to the parent who committed the act of domestic violence is contrary to the child’s best interests. This presumption does not apply if both parents have committed an act of domestic violence. For the purposes of this subsection, a person commits an act of domestic violence if that person does any of the following:

1. Intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes or attempts to cause sexual assault or serious physical injury.

2. Places a person in reasonable apprehension of imminent serious physical injury to any person.

3. Engages in a pattern of behavior for which a court may issue an ex parte order to protect the other parent who is seeking child custody or to protect the child and the child’s siblings.

E. To determine if the parent has rebutted the presumption the court shall consider all of the following:

1. Whether the parent has demonstrated that being awarded sole or joint legal decision-making or substantially equal parenting time is in the child’s best interests.

2. Whether the parent has successfully completed a batterer’s prevention program.

3. Whether the parent has successfully completed a program of alcohol or drug abuse counseling, if the court determines that counseling is appropriate.

4. Whether the parent has successfully completed a parenting class, if the court determines that a parenting class is appropriate.

5. If the parent is on probation, parole or community supervision, whether the parent is restrained by a protective order that was granted after a hearing.

6. Whether the parent has committed any further acts of domestic violence.

F. If the court finds that a parent has committed an act of domestic violence, that parent has the burden of proving to the court’s satisfaction that parenting time will not endanger the child or significantly impair the child’s emotional development. If the parent meets this burden to the court’s satisfaction, the court shall place conditions on parenting time that best protect the child and the other parent from further harm. The court may:

1. Order that an exchange of the child must occur in a protected setting as specified by the court.

2. Order that an agency specified by the court must supervise parenting time. If the court allows a family or household member to supervise parenting time, the court shall establish conditions that this person must follow during parenting time.

3. Order the parent who committed the act of domestic violence to attend and complete, to the court’s satisfaction, a program of intervention for perpetrators of domestic violence and any other counseling the court orders.

4. Order the parent who committed the act of domestic violence to abstain from possessing or consuming alcohol or controlled substances during parenting time and for twenty-four hours before parenting time.

5. Order the parent who committed the act of domestic violence to pay a fee for the costs of supervised parenting time.

6. Prohibit overnight parenting time.

7. Require a bond from the parent who committed the act of domestic violence for the child’s safe return.

8. Order that the address of the child and the other parent remain confidential.

9. Impose any other condition that the court determines is necessary to protect the child, the other parent and any other family or household member.

G. The court shall not order joint counseling between a victim and the perpetrator of domestic violence. The court may provide a victim with written information about available community resources related to domestic violence.

H. The court may request or order the services of the department of child safety if the court believes that a child may be the victim of child abuse or neglect as defined in § 8-201.

I. In determining whether the absence or relocation of a parent shall be weighed against that parent in determining legal decision-making or parenting time, the court may consider whether the absence or relocation was caused by an act of domestic violence by the other parent.

§ 25-403.04. Substance abuse

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. If the court determines that a parent has abused drugs or alcohol or has been convicted of any drug offense under title 13, chapter 34 [FN1] or any violation of § 28-1381, 28-1382 or 28-1383 within twelve months before the petition or the request for legal decision-making or parenting time is filed, there is a rebuttable presumption that sole or joint legal decision-making by that parent is not in the child’s best interests. In making this determination the court shall state its:

1. Findings of fact that support its determination that the parent abused drugs or alcohol or was convicted of the offense.

2. Findings that the legal decision-making or parenting time arrangement ordered by the court appropriately protects the child.

B. To determine if the person has rebutted the presumption, at a minimum the court shall consider the following evidence:

1. The absence of any conviction of any other drug offense during the previous five years.

2. Results of random drug testing for a six month period that indicate that the person is not using drugs as proscribed by title 13, chapter 34.

3. Results of alcohol or drug screening provided by a facility approved by the department of health services.

§ 25-403.05. Sexual offenders; murderers; legal decision-making and parenting time; notification of risk to child

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Unless the court finds that there is no significant risk to the child and states its reasons in writing, the court shall not grant a person sole or joint legal decision-making of a child or unsupervised parenting time with a child if the person:

1. Is a registered sex offender.

2. Has been convicted of murder in the first degree and the victim of the murder was the other parent of the child who is the subject of the order. In making its finding, the court may consider, among other factors, the following:

(a) Credible evidence that the convicted parent was a victim of domestic violence, as defined in § 13-3601, committed by the murdered parent.

(b) Testimony of an expert witness that the convicted parent suffered trauma from abuse committed by the murdered parent.

B. A child’s parent or custodian must immediately notify the other parent or custodian if the parent or custodian knows that a convicted or registered sex offender or a person who has been convicted of a dangerous crime against children as defined in § 13-705 may have access to the child. The parent or custodian must provide notice by first class mail, return receipt requested, by electronic means to an electronic mail address that the recipient provided to the parent or custodian for notification purposes or by other communication accepted by the court.

§ 25-403.06. Parental access to prescription medication and records

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Unless otherwise provided by court order or law, on reasonable request both parents are entitled to have equal access to prescription medication, documents and other information concerning the child’s education and physical, mental, moral and emotional health including medical, school, police, court and other records directly from the custodian of the records or from the other parent.

B. A person who does not comply with a reasonable request shall reimburse the requesting parent for court costs and attorney fees incurred by that parent to force compliance with this section.

C. A parent with joint legal custody shall not designate one pharmacy in a single location as the only source of the child’s prescription medication without agreement of the other parent.

D. A parent who attempts to restrict the release of documents or information by the custodian or attempts to withhold prescription medication without a prior court order is subject to appropriate legal sanctions.

§ 25-403.08. Resources and fees

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In a proceeding regarding sole or joint legal decision-making or parenting time, either party may request attorney fees, costs and expert witness fees to enable the party with insufficient resources to obtain adequate legal representation and to prepare evidence for the hearing.

B. If the court finds there is a financial disparity between the parties, the court may order payment of reasonable fees, expenses and costs to allow adequate preparation.

§ 25-403.09. Child support

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. For any parenting time order entered under this article, the court shall determine an amount of child support in accordance with § 25-320 and guidelines established pursuant to that section.

B. An award of joint legal decision-making or a substantially equal parenting time plan does not diminish the responsibility of either parent to provide for the support of the child.

§ 25-408. Rights of each parent; parenting time; relocation of child; exception; enforcement; access to prescription medication and records

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. If by written agreement or court order both parents are entitled to joint legal decision-making or unsupervised parenting time and both parents reside in the state, at least sixty days’ advance written notice shall be provided to the other parent before a parent may do either of the following:

1. Relocate the child outside the state.

2. Relocate the child more than one hundred miles within the state.

B. The notice required by this section shall be made by certified mail, return receipt requested, or pursuant to the Arizona rules of family law procedure. The court shall sanction a parent who, without good cause, does not comply with the notification requirements of this subsection. The court may impose a sanction that will affect legal decision-making or parenting time only in accordance with the child’s best interests.

C. Within thirty days after notice is made the nonmoving parent may petition the court to prevent relocation of the child. After expiration of this time any petition or other application to prevent relocation of the child may be granted only on a showing of good cause. This subsection does not prohibit a parent who is seeking to relocate the child from petitioning the court for a hearing, on notice to the other parent, to determine the appropriateness of a relocation that may adversely affect the other parent’s legal decision-making or parenting time rights.

D. Subsection A of this section does not apply if provision for relocation of a child has been made by a court order or a written agreement of the parties that is dated within one year of the proposed relocation of the child.

E. Pending the determination by the court of a petition or application to prevent relocation of the child:

1. A parent with sole legal decision-making or a parent with joint legal decision-making and primary residence of a child who is required by circumstances of health or safety or employment of that parent or that parent’s spouse to relocate in less than sixty days after written notice has been given to the other parent may temporarily relocate with the child.

2. A parent who shares joint legal decision-making and substantially equal parenting time and who is required by circumstances of health or safety or employment of that parent or that parent’s spouse to relocate in less than sixty days after written notice has been given to the other parent may temporarily relocate with the child only if both parents execute a written agreement to permit relocation of the child.

F. The court shall determine whether to allow the parent to relocate the child in accordance with the child’s best interests. The burden of proving what is in the child’s best interests is on the parent who is seeking to relocate the child. To the extent practicable the court shall also make appropriate arrangements to ensure the continuation of a meaningful relationship between the child and both parents.

G. The court shall not deviate from a provision of any parenting plan or other written agreement by which the parents specifically have agreed to allow or prohibit relocation of the child unless the court finds that the provision is no longer in the child’s best interests. There is a rebuttable presumption that a provision from any parenting plan or other written agreement is in the child’s best interests.

H. In determining the child’s best interests the court shall consider all relevant factors including:

1. The factors prescribed under § 25-403.

2. Whether the relocation is being made or opposed in good faith and not to interfere with or to frustrate the relationship between the child and the other parent or the other parent’s right of access to the child.

3. The prospective advantage of the move for improving the general quality of life for the custodial parent or for the child.

4. The likelihood that the parent with whom the child will reside after the relocation will comply with parenting time orders.

5. Whether the relocation will allow a realistic opportunity for parenting time with each parent.

6. The extent to which moving or not moving will affect the emotional, physical or developmental needs of the child.

7. The motives of the parents and the validity of the reasons given for moving or opposing the move including the extent to which either parent may intend to gain a financial advantage regarding continuing child support obligations.

8. The potential effect of relocation on the child’s stability.

I. The court shall assess attorney fees and court costs against either parent if the court finds that the parent has unreasonably denied, restricted or interfered with court-ordered parenting time.

J. Pursuant to § 25-403.06, each parent is entitled to have access to prescription medication, documents and other information about the child unless the court finds that access would endanger seriously the child’s or a parent’s physical, mental, moral or emotional health.

§ 25-409. Third party rights

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Pursuant to § 25-402, subsection B, paragraph 2, a person other than a legal parent may petition the superior court for legal decision-making authority or placement of the child. The court shall summarily deny a petition unless it finds that the petitioner’s initial pleading establishes that all of the following are true:

1. The person filing the petition stands in loco parentis to the child.

2. It would be significantly detrimental to the child to remain or be placed in the care of either legal parent who wishes to keep or acquire legal decision-making.

3. A court of competent jurisdiction has not entered or approved an order concerning legal decision-making or parenting time within one year before the person filed a petition pursuant to this section, unless there is reason to believe the child’s present environment may seriously endanger the child’s physical, mental, moral or emotional health.

4. One of the following applies:

(a) One of the legal parents is deceased.

(b) The child’s legal parents are not married to each other at the time the petition is filed.

(c) A proceeding for dissolution of marriage or for legal separation of the legal parents is pending at the time the petition is filed.

B. Notwithstanding subsection A of this section, it is a rebuttable presumption that awarding legal decision-making to a legal parent serves the child’s best interests because of the physical, psychological and emotional needs of the child to be reared by a legal parent. A third party may rebut this presumption only with proof showing by clear and convincing evidence that awarding legal decision-making to a legal parent is not consistent with the child’s best interests.

C. Pursuant to § 25-402, subsection B, paragraph 2, a person other than a legal parent may petition the superior court for visitation with a child. The superior court may grant visitation rights during the child’s minority on a finding that the visitation is in the child’s best interests and that any of the following is true:

1. One of the legal parents is deceased or has been missing at least three months. For the purposes of this paragraph, a parent is considered to be missing if the parent’s location has not been determined and the parent has been reported as missing to a law enforcement agency.

2. The child was born out of wedlock and the child’s legal parents are not married to each other at the time the petition is filed.

3. For grandparent or great-grandparent visitation, the marriage of the parents of the child has been dissolved for at least three months.

4. For in loco parentis visitation, a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or for legal separation of the legal parents is pending at the time the petition is filed.

D. A petition filed under subsection A or C of this section must be verified or supported by affidavit and must include detailed facts supporting the petitioner’s claim. The petitioner must also provide notice of this proceeding, including a copy of the petition and any affidavits or other attachments, and serve the notice pursuant to the Arizona rules of family law procedure to all of the following:

1. The child’s legal parents.

2. A third party who possesses legal decision-making authority over the child or visitation rights.

3. The child’s guardian or guardian ad litem.

4. A person or agency that possesses physical custody of the child or claims legal decision-making authority or visitation rights concerning the child.

5. Any other person or agency that has previously appeared in the action.

E. In deciding whether to grant visitation to a third party, the court shall give special weight to the legal parents’ opinion of what serves their child’s best interests and consider all relevant factors including:

1. The historical relationship, if any, between the child and the person seeking visitation.

2. The motivation of the requesting party seeking visitation.

3. The motivation of the person objecting to visitation.

4. The quantity of visitation time requested and the potential adverse impact that visitation will have on the child’s customary activities.

5. If one or both of the child’s parents are deceased, the benefit in maintaining an extended family relationship.

F. If logistically possible and appropriate, the court shall order visitation by a grandparent or great-grandparent if the child is residing or spending time with the parent through whom the grandparent or great-grandparent claims a right of access to the child.

G. A grandparent or great-grandparent seeking visitation rights under this section shall petition in the same action in which the family court previously decided legal decision-making and parenting time or, if no such case existed, by separate petition in the county of the child’s home state, as defined in § 25-1002.

H. All visitation rights granted under this section automatically terminate if the child is adopted or placed for adoption. If the child is removed from an adoptive placement, the court may reinstate the visitation rights. This subsection does not apply if the child is adopted by the spouse of a natural parent after the natural parent remarries.

I. For the purposes of this section, a child who is adopted may be treated as if born in lawful wedlock only if the child is adopted jointly by parents who are married to one another as provided in section 8–103, subsection A.

§ 25-411. Modification of legal decision-making or parenting time; affidavit; contents; military families

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A person shall not make a motion to modify a legal decision-making or parenting time decree earlier than one year after its date, unless the court permits it to be made on the basis of affidavits that there is reason to believe the child’s present environment may seriously endanger the child’s physical, mental, moral or emotional health. At any time after a joint legal decision-making order is entered, a parent may petition the court for modification of the order on the basis of evidence that domestic violence involving a violation of § 13-1201 or 13-1204, spousal abuse or child abuse occurred since the entry of the joint legal decision-making order. Six months after a joint legal decision-making order is entered, a parent may petition the court for modification of the order based on the failure of the other parent to comply with the provisions of the order. A motion or petition to modify an order shall meet the requirements of this section. Except as otherwise provided in this section, if a parent is a member of the United States armed forces, the court shall consider the terms of that parent’s military family care plan to determine what is in the child’s best interest during that parent’s military deployment.

B. If the parent with whom the parent’s child resides a majority of the time receives temporary duty, deployment, activation or mobilization orders from the United States military that involve moving a substantial distance away from the parent’s residence a court shall not enter a final order modifying parental rights and responsibilities and parent-child contact in an existing order until ninety days after the deployment ends, unless a modification is agreed to by the deploying parent.

C. The court shall not consider a parent’s absence caused by deployment or mobilization or the potential for future deployment or mobilization as the sole factor supporting a real, substantial and unanticipated change in circumstances pursuant to this section.

D. On motion of a deploying or nondeploying, mobilizing or absent military parent, the court, after a hearing, shall enter a temporary order modifying parental rights and responsibilities or parent-child contact during the period of deployment or mobilization if:

1. A military parent who has legal decision-making or parenting time pursuant to an existing court order has received notice from military leadership that the military parent will deploy or mobilize in the near future.

2. The deployment or mobilization would have a material effect on the military parent’s ability to exercise parental rights and responsibilities or parent-child contact.

E. On motion of a deploying parent, if reasonable advance notice is given and good cause is shown, the court shall allow that parent to present testimony and evidence by electronic means with respect to parenting time or parent-child contact matters instituted pursuant to this section if the deployment of that parent has a material effect on that parent’s ability to appear in person at a regularly scheduled hearing. For the purposes of this subsection, “electronic means” includes communication by telephone or video teleconference.

F. The court shall hear motions for modification because of deployment as expeditiously as possible.

G. If a military parent receives military temporary duty, deployment, activation or mobilization orders that involve moving a substantial distance away from the military parent’s residence or that otherwise have a material effect on the military parent’s ability to exercise parenting time, at the request of the military parent, for the duration of the military parent’s absence the court may delegate the military parent’s parenting time, or a portion of that time, to a child’s family member, including a stepparent, or to another person who is not the child’s parent but who has a close and substantial relationship to the minor child, if the court determines that is in the child’s best interest. The court shall not allow the delegation of parenting time to a person who would be subject to limitations on parenting time. The parties shall attempt to resolve disputes regarding delegation of parenting time through the dispute resolution process specified in their parenting plan, unless excused by the court for good cause shown. A court order pursuant to this subsection does not establish separate rights to parenting time for a person other than a parent.

H. All temporary modification orders pursuant to this section shall include a specific transition schedule to facilitate a return to the predeployment order within ten days after the deployment ends, taking into consideration the child’s best interests.

I. A decree or order that a court enters in contemplation of or during the military deployment of a parent outside of the continental United States shall specifically reference the deployment and include provisions governing the legal decision-making or parenting time arrangements, or both, of the minor child after the deployment ends. Either parent may file a petition with the court after the deployment ends to modify the decree or order, in compliance with subsection L of this section. The court shall hold a hearing or conference on the petition within thirty days after the petition is filed.

J. The court may modify an order granting or denying parenting time rights whenever modification would serve the best interest of the child, but the court shall not restrict a parent’s parenting time rights unless it finds that the parenting time would endanger seriously the child’s physical, mental, moral or emotional health.

K. If after a legal decision-making or parenting time order is in effect one of the parents is charged with a dangerous crime against children as defined in § 13-705, child molestation as defined in § 13-1410 or an act of domestic violence as prescribed in § 13-3601 in which the victim is a minor, the other parent may petition the court for an expedited hearing. Pending the expedited hearing, the court may suspend parenting time or change legal decision-making ex parte.

L. To modify any type of legal decision-making or parenting time order a person shall submit an affidavit or verified petition setting forth detailed facts supporting the requested modification and shall give notice, together with a copy of the affidavit or verified petition, to other parties to the proceeding, who may file opposing affidavits. The court shall deny the motion unless it finds that adequate cause for hearing the motion is established by the pleadings, in which case it shall set a date for hearing on why the requested modification should not be granted.

M. The court shall assess attorney fees and costs against a party seeking modification if the court finds that the modification action is vexatious and constitutes harassment.

N. Subsection L of this section does not apply if the requested relief is for the modification or clarification of parenting time and not for a change of legal decision-making.

§ 25-415. Sanctions for litigation misconduct

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The court shall sanction a litigant for costs and reasonable attorney fees incurred by an adverse party if the court finds that the litigant has done any one or more of the following:

1. Knowingly presented a false claim under § 25-403, 25-403.03 or 25-403.04 with knowledge that the claim was false.

2. Knowingly accused an adverse party of making a false claim under § 25-403, 25-403.03 or 25-403.04 with knowledge that the claim was actually true.

3. Violated a court order compelling disclosure or discovery under rule 65 of the Arizona rules of family law procedure, unless the court finds that the failure to obey the order was substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.

B. If the court makes a finding against any litigant under subsection A of this section, it may also:

1. Impose additional financial sanctions on behalf of an aggrieved party who can demonstrate economic loss directly attributable to the litigant’s misconduct.

2. Institute civil contempt proceedings on its own initiative or on request of an aggrieved party, with proper notice and an opportunity to be heard.

3. Modify legal decision-making or parenting time if that modification would also serve the best interests of the child.

C. For the purposes of this section, a false claim does not mean a claim that is merely unsubstantiated.

D. This section does not prevent the court from awarding costs and attorney fees or imposing other sanctions if authorized elsewhere by state or federal law.

§ 25-416. Sexual assault conviction; effect on rights

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

If a person has been convicted of sexual assault under § 13-1406 and the sexual assault led to the birth of a child, the convicted person has none of the rights prescribed in this chapter related to legal decision-making or parenting time in regard to the child.

Chapter 5 Family Support Duties

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. General Provisions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-500. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Arrearage” means the total unpaid support owed, including child support, past support, spousal maintenance and interest.

2. “Business day” means a day when state offices are open for regular business.

3. “Child support guidelines” means the child support guidelines that are adopted by the state supreme court.

4. “Child support subpoena” means a subpoena issued pursuant to § 25-520.

5. “Department” means the department of economic security.

6. “Income” means any form of payment owed to an individual, regardless of source, including wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses, workers’ compensation, disability payments, payments pursuant to a pension or retirement program and interest.

7. “Obligee” means a person or agency entitled to receive support.

8. “Obligor” means a person obligated to pay support.

9. “Support” means the provision of maintenance or subsistence and includes medical insurance coverage, or cash medical support, and uncovered medical costs for the child, arrearages, interest on arrearages, past support, interest on past support and reimbursement for expended public assistance. In a title IV-D case, support includes spousal maintenance that is included in the same order that directs child support.

10. “Support payment clearinghouse” means the clearinghouse established pursuant to § 46-441.

11. “Title IV-D” means title IV-D of the social security act.

§ 25-501. Duties of support; exemption

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Except as provided in subsection F of this section, every person has the duty to provide all reasonable support for that person’s natural and adopted minor, unemancipated children, regardless of the presence or residence of the child in this state. In the case of children with mental or physical disabilities, if the court, after considering the factors set forth in § 25-320, subsection D, deems it appropriate, the court may order support to continue past the age of majority. If a child reaches the age of majority while the child is attending high school or a certified high school equivalency program, support shall continue to be provided while the child is actually attending high school or the equivalency program but only until the child reaches nineteen years of age unless the court enters an order pursuant to § 25-320, subsection E.

B. A child who is born as the result of artificial insemination is entitled to support from the mother as prescribed by this section and the mother’s spouse if the spouse either is the biological father of the child or agreed in writing to the insemination before or after the insemination occurred.

C. The child support guidelines shall be used in determining the ability to pay child support and the amount of payments. The obligation to pay child support is primary and other financial obligations are secondary.

D. All duties of support as prescribed in this chapter may be enforced by all civil and criminal remedies provided by law.

E. Remedies provided by this chapter are cumulative and do not affect the availability of remedies under other law.

F. The court may determine that a parent is not obligated to contribute to the support of the parent’s minor child if maternity or paternity is the result of the parent’s sexual contact with a person who, as a result of that contact, has been found guilty of sexual conduct with a minor under § 13-1405 or sexual assault under § 13-1406. The court may also apply this exemption to the parent’s parents or legal guardian.

G. In any action filed pursuant to this title, if a duty of support for another person exists or may exist the parties shall file the social security number of each party and any affected children in the record of the proceeding in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of the Arizona rules of family law relating to sensitive data. The court shall include this information in the state case registry and shall maintain this information in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of the Arizona rules of family law relating to sensitive data.

§ 25-502. Jurisdiction, venue and procedure; additional enforcement provisions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The superior court has original jurisdiction in proceedings brought by the department, its agents, a person having physical custody of a child or a party to the case to establish, enforce or modify the duties of support as prescribed in this chapter. All such proceedings are civil actions except as provided in § 25-511. Proceedings to enforce the duties of support as prescribed in this chapter may be originated in the county of residence of the respondent or the petitioner or of the child or children who are the subject of the action.

B. A proceeding to establish support must originate in the county where the child resides or, if the child resides out of state, the county of this state where the party filing the petition to establish support resides, if either of the following applies:

1. An action does not exist under this title.

2. Paternity was established without a court order pursuant to § 36-334.

C. A person or the department or its agent must file a petition to establish or modify a child support order in the superior court in the county of the last order issued under this title if an order exists in this state. If a person wishes the case transferred to the county of this state where the child resides or, if the child resides out of state, the county of this state where the party requesting the transfer resides, the person must file a request for transfer with the clerk of the superior court that issued the last order.

D. A request for transfer pursuant to subsection C of this section must include a petition or motion regarding support, a statement of payments in default, if applicable, and the transmittal fee prescribed in § 12-284. The responding party may object to the transfer by filing an objection and affidavit within twenty days after service of the request to transfer.

E. If the clerk does not receive an objection and affidavit pursuant to subsection D of this section, the clerk shall issue the transfer order and transfer the proceeding and all related court files to the other county within thirty days after service of the request to transfer. If the clerk receives an objection and affidavit within the time prescribed in subsection D of this section, the clerk shall notify all parties of the date of the hearing at least ten days before the hearing date. The court may hear evidence relevant only to the issue of the transfer. If after that hearing the court orders the transfer, the clerk shall transfer the proceeding and court files within ten days after the order. The county to which the transfer is made retains the court files and venue for all purposes and the transferring county shall not retain a copy of those files.

F. The county to which a transfer is made pursuant to subsection D or E of this section shall proceed as if the proceeding was brought in that county originally. A judgment from that county has the same effect and may be enforced or modified as a judgment from the original county.

G. The party who petitioned for transfer must pay the postadjudication fee prescribed in § 12-284 to the county to which the proceeding was transferred within ten days after the date the clerk of the court mails the notice of the requirement to pay the postadjudication fee. If the party does not pay the fee by that date, the transfer order is automatically nullified and the court clerk shall return the proceeding and all related court files to the original county.

H. Except as provided in § 25-510, in title IV-D cases the superior court shall accept for filing any documents that are received through electronic transmission if the electronically reproduced document states that the copy used for the electronic transmission was certified before it was electronically transmitted.

I. On filing of the petition and, if applicable, after a transfer is completed, the court shall issue an order requiring the responding party to appear at the time and place set for the hearing on the petition. Service of the order and a copy of the petition shall be as provided in the Arizona rules of family law procedure. If the responding party receives notice of a hearing but fails to appear, the court may issue a child support arrest warrant as provided in article 5 of this chapter1 and shall require that the responding party pay at the time of arrest an amount set by the court to secure the responding party’s release from custody pending an appearance at the next scheduled hearing. The court also may find the party to be in contempt of court pursuant to § 12-864.01 and set an amount to be paid to purge the contempt. Any purge amount set by the court shall supersede the amount required to be set to secure the responding party’s release, and the responding party shall pay only the purge amount as a condition of release from custody. Any amounts paid under this section shall be deposited with the clerk of the court or the support payment clearinghouse and credited first to the responding party’s current child support obligation and then to arrearages. The court may grant a default judgment for arrearages on a prima facie showing of the amount due.

J. The department or its agent or a parent, guardian or custodian may file with the clerk of the superior court a request to establish child support. The request must include a proposed order, the worksheet for child support and a notice of the right to request a hearing within twenty days after service in this state or within thirty days after service outside this state. The request, proposed order, worksheet and notice shall be served pursuant to the Arizona rules of family law procedure on all parties, and in a title IV-D case, on the department or its agent. In a title IV-D case, the department or its agent may serve all parties by certified mail, return receipt requested. If a party does not request a hearing within the time prescribed by this subsection, the court shall review the proposed order and worksheet and enter an appropriate order or set the matter for a hearing. In a title IV-D case, the department or its agent shall enforce the order.

K. Each licensing board or agency that issues professional, recreational or occupational licenses or certificates shall record on the application the social security number of the applicant and shall enter this information in its database in order to aid the department of economic security in locating parents or their assets or to enforce child support orders. This subsection does not apply to a license that is issued pursuant to title 17 and that is not issued by an automated drawing system. If a licensing board or agency allows an applicant to use a number other than the social security number on the face of the license or certificate while the licensing board or agency keeps the social security number on file, the licensing board or agency shall advise an applicant of this fact.

§ 25-503. Order for support; methods of payment; modification; termination; statute of limitations; judgment on arrearages; notice; security

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In any proceeding in which there is at issue the support of a child, the court may order either or both parents to pay any amount necessary for the support of the child. If the court order does not specify the date when current support begins, the support obligation begins to accrue on the first day of the month following the entry of the order. If any form of payment is rightfully dishonored by the payor bank or other drawee, any subsequent support payments and handling fees shall be paid only by cash, money order, cashier’s check, traveler’s check or certified check. The department may collect from the drawer of a dishonored payment an amount allowed pursuant to § 44-6852. Pursuant to §§ 35-146 and 35-147, the department shall deposit monies collected pursuant to this subsection in a child support enforcement administration fund. If a party required to pay support by guaranteed means demonstrates full and timely payment for twenty-four consecutive months, that party may pay support by regularly accepted forms of payment if these payments are for the full amount, are timely tendered and are not rightfully dishonored by the payor bank or other drawee. On a showing of good cause, the court may order that the party or parties required to pay support give reasonable security for these payments. If the court sets an appearance bond and the obligor fails to appear, the bond is forfeited and credited against any support owed by the party required to pay support. This subsection does not apply to payments that are made by means of a wage assignment.

B. On a showing that an income withholding order has been ineffective to secure the timely payment of support and that an amount equal to six months of current support has accrued, the court shall require the obligor to give security, post bond or give some other guarantee to secure overdue support.

C. In title IV-D cases, and in all other cases subject to an income withholding order issued on or after January 1, 1994, after notice to the party entitled to receive support, the department or its agent may direct the party obligated to pay support or other payor to make payment to the support payment clearinghouse. The department or its agent shall provide notice by first class mail.

D. The obligation for current child support shall be fully met before any payments under an order of assignment may be applied to the payment of arrearages. If a party is obligated to pay support for more than one family and the amount available is not sufficient to meet the total combined current support obligation, any monies shall be allocated to each family as follows:

1. The amount of current support ordered in each case shall be added to obtain the total support obligation.

2. The ordered amount in each case shall be divided by the total support obligation to obtain a percentage of the total amount due.

3. The amount available from the obligor’s income shall be multiplied by the percentage under paragraph 2 of this subsection to obtain the amount to be allocated to each family.

E. Any order for child support may be modified or terminated on a showing of changed circumstance that is substantial and continuing, except as to any amount that may have accrued as an arrearage before the date of notice of the motion or order to show cause to modify or terminate. The addition of health insurance coverage as defined in § 25-531 or a change in the availability of health insurance coverage may constitute a continuing and substantial change in circumstance. Modification and termination are effective on the first day of the month following notice of the petition for modification or termination unless the court, for good cause shown, orders the change to become effective at a different date but not earlier than the date of filing the petition for modification or termination. The order of modification or termination may include an award of attorney fees and court costs to the prevailing party.

F. On petition of a person who has been ordered to pay child support pursuant to a presumption of paternity established pursuant to § 25-814, the court may order the petitioner’s support to terminate if the court finds based on clear and convincing evidence that paternity was established by fraud, duress or material mistake of fact. Except for good cause shown, the petitioner’s support obligations continue in effect until the court has ruled in favor of the petitioner. The court shall order the petitioner, each child who is the subject of the petition and the child’s mother to submit to genetic testing and shall order the appropriate testing procedures to determine the child’s inherited characteristics, including blood and tissue type. If the court finds that the petitioner is not the child’s biological father, the court shall vacate the determination of paternity and terminate the support obligation. Unless otherwise ordered by the court, an order vacating a support obligation is prospective and does not alter the petitioner’s obligation to pay child support arrearages or any other amount previously ordered by the court. If the court finds that it is in the child’s best interests, the court may order the biological father to pay restitution to the petitioner for any child support paid before the court ruled in favor of the petitioner pursuant to this subsection.

G. Notwithstanding subsection E of this section, in a title IV-D case a party, or the department or its agent if there is an assignment of rights under § 46-407, may request every three years that an order for child support be reviewed and, if appropriate, adjusted. The request may be made without a specific showing of a changed circumstance that is substantial and continuing. The department or its agent shall conduct the review in accordance with the child support guidelines of this state. If appropriate, the department shall file a petition in the superior court to adjust the support amount. Every three years the department or its agent shall notify the parties of their right to request a review of the order for support. The department or its agent shall notify the parties by first class mail at their last known address or by including the notice in an order.

H. If a party in a title IV-D case requests a review and adjustment sooner than three years, the party shall demonstrate a changed circumstance that is substantial and continuing.

I. The right of a party entitled to receive support or the department to receive child support payments as provided in the court order vests as each installment falls due. Each vested child support installment is enforceable as a final judgment by operation of law. The department or its agent or a party entitled to receive support may also file a request for written judgment for support arrearages.

J. Voluntary relinquishment of physical custody of a child to the obligor from the obligee is an affirmative defense in whole or in part to a petition for enforcement of child support arrears. In determining whether the relinquishment was voluntary, the court shall consider whether there is any evidence or history of any of the following:

1. Domestic violence.

2. Parental kidnapping.

3. Custodial interference.

K. The relinquishment pursuant to subsection J of this section must have been for a time period in excess of any court-ordered period of parenting time and the obligor must have supplied actual support for the child.

L. If the obligee, the department or their agents make efforts to collect a child support debt more than ten years after the emancipation of the youngest child subject to the order, the obligor may assert as a defense, and has the burden to prove, that the obligee or the department unreasonably delayed in attempting to collect the child support debt. On a finding of unreasonable delay a tribunal, as defined in § 25-1202, may determine that some or all of the child support debt is no longer collectible after the date of the finding.

M. Notwithstanding any other law, any judgment for support and for associated costs and attorney fees is exempt from renewal and is enforceable until paid in full.

N. If a party entitled to receive child support or spousal maintenance or the department or its agent enforcing an order of support has not received court-ordered payments, the party entitled to receive support or spousal maintenance or the department or its agent may file with the clerk of the superior court a request for judgment of arrearages and an affidavit indicating the name of the party obligated to pay support and the amount of the arrearages. The request must include notice of the requirements of this section and the right to request a hearing within twenty days after service in this state or within thirty days after service outside this state. The request, affidavit and notice must be served pursuant to the Arizona rules of family law procedure on all parties including the department or its agents in title IV-D cases. In a title IV-D case, the department or its agent may serve all parties by certified mail, return receipt requested. Within twenty days after service in this state or within thirty days after service outside this state, a party may file a request for a hearing if the arrearage amount or the identity of the person is in dispute. If a hearing is not requested within the time provided, or if the court finds that the objection is unfounded, the court must review the affidavit and grant an appropriate judgment against the party obligated to pay support.

O. If after reasonable efforts to locate the obligee the clerk or support payment clearinghouse is unable to deliver payments for a period of one hundred twenty days after the date the first payment is returned as undeliverable due to the failure of a party to whom the support has been ordered to be paid to notify the clerk or support payment clearinghouse of a change in address, the clerk or support payment clearinghouse shall return that and all other unassigned payments to the obligor unless there is an agreement of the obligor to pay assigned arrears and other debts owed to the state.

P. If the obligee of a child support order marries the obligor of the child support order, that order automatically terminates on the last day of the month in which the marriage takes place and arrearages do not accrue after that date. However, the obligee or the state may collect child support arrearages that accrued before that date. The obligee, the obligor or the department or its agent in a title IV-D case may file a request or stipulation to terminate or adjust any existing order of assignment pursuant to § 25-504 or 25-505.01.

Q. For the purposes of this chapter, a child is emancipated:

1. On the date of the child’s marriage.

2. On the child’s eighteenth birthday.

3. When the child is adopted.

4. When the child dies.

5. On the termination of the support obligation if support is extended beyond the age of majority pursuant to § 25-501, subsection A or § 25-320, subsections E and F.

Article 2 Child Medical Support

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-531. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Court or administrative order” means a court or administrative agency ruling that requires a parent to provide support for that parent’s child.

2. “Health insurance coverage” means fee for service, health maintenance organization, preferred provider organization and other types of coverage under which medical services could be provided to the dependent children of a noncustodial parent.

3. “State IV-D agency” means the department or any other agency that is authorized to administer services of the child support enforcement program pursuant to the requirements of title IV-D of the social security act.

§ 25-535. Enforcement of health insurance coverage; medical support notice; administrative review; service

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. In a title IV-D case, a parent who is required by an administrative or court order to provide health insurance coverage for a child shall provide the department or its agent with the name of the health insurance coverage plan under which the child is covered, the effective date of the coverage, a description of the coverage, the name of the employer and any other necessary information, forms or documents related to the health insurance coverage as provided to all new members within thirty days after the support order is established.

B. If an administrative or court order requires a parent to obtain health insurance coverage for the parent’s child, the department or its agent may deliver by first class mail or electronic means to the obligated parent’s employer a medical support notice to enroll the child in an insurance program as prescribed by that order. The department or its agent shall use the medical support notice to enroll prescribed by the United States secretary of health and human services pursuant to 42 United States Code § 651. The employer shall deliver or mail by first class mail or by electronic means a copy of the medical support notice to enroll to the obligated parent within ten days after the employer receives the notice. The notice serves to enroll the child in the obligated parent’s health insurance coverage plan. That parent may contest the notice by filing a written request for an administrative review within ten days after the parent receives a copy of the notice from the employer. The department shall conduct an administrative review pursuant to § 25-522. If a parent contests the notice, the department or its agent shall notify the employer by first class mail or electronic means that the parent has contested the medical support notice to enroll. The employer shall send the employee contributions until the department notifies the employer to cease withholding. An administrative review is limited to determining if:

1. Medical support is unlawful or inconsistent with an administrative or court order.

2. A mistaken identity exists.

3. The responsible party pursuant to the order provides alternative coverage.

4. The other parent is already providing medical insurance for the child pursuant to court order.

5. The cost of the insurance coverage is reasonable as prescribed pursuant to § 25-320, subsection J.

C. If an employee on whom an income withholding order or order of assignment and notice is served is a new employee who is entered into the state directory of new hires pursuant to § 23-722.01, the department or its agent shall provide the medical support notice to enroll to the obligated parent’s employer within two days after the date of entry in the state directory of new hires unless the responsible party pursuant to the order provides alternative coverage.

D. If the obligated parent who is required by a court or an administrative order to obtain health insurance coverage changes employment and the new employer is known to the department or its agent, the department or its agent shall use the medical support notice to enroll to transfer notice to the new employer. Within thirty days after the obligated parent changes employment the obligated parent shall provide the department or its agent with the name of the health insurance coverage plan under which the child is covered, the effective date of the coverage, a description of the coverage, the name of the employer and any other necessary information, forms or documents related to the health insurance coverage as provided to all new members. Within twenty business days after it receives the medical support notice to enroll the employer shall transfer the notice to the appropriate health insurance plan that provides coverage for which the child is eligible.

E. A medical support notice to enroll has the same effect as an enrollment application that is signed by the parent.

F. If the employer does not have existing dependent coverage when it receives the medical support notice to enroll, the employer is not required to create this coverage. The employer shall notify the department or its agent of this fact within ten days after receiving the medical support notice to enroll.

G. Service by mail as authorized in this section is complete as to the employer when the mailing is received. Service by electronic means as authorized in this section is complete on transmission to the employer.

§ 25-532. Enrollment of child

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. An insurer shall not deny a child enrollment under the health plan of the child’s parent for any of the following reasons:

1. The child was born out of wedlock.

2. The child is not claimed as a dependent on the parent’s federal or state tax return.

3. The child does not reside with the parent or in the insurer’s service area. If the child resides in another state the insurer may vary the premium and policy provisions to account for benefit levels and experience in that state.

B. If the child has health coverage through an insurer of the noncustodial parent the insurer shall:

1. Provide any information to the custodial parent that may be necessary for the child to obtain benefits through the custodial parent’s insurer.

2. Permit the custodial parent or the provider with the custodial parent’s approval to submit claims for covered services without the approval of the noncustodial parent.

3. Make payments on claims that are submitted pursuant to paragraph 2 of this subsection directly to the custodial parent, the provider or the state IV-D agency.

Chapter 6. Maternity and Paternity Proceedings

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. Maternity and Paternity Proceedings

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-806. Petition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Paternity proceedings are commenced by the filing of a verified petition that alleges that a woman is delivered of a child or children born out of lawful wedlock or pregnant with a child conceived out of wedlock and that the respondent is the father of the child or children.

B. Maternity proceedings are commenced by the filing of a verified petition that alleges that a woman is delivered of a child or children born out of lawful wedlock and that the woman as respondent is the mother of the child or children.

C. The procedure on the filing of the petition shall be as in other civil cases, except that a party who has been served pursuant to § 8-106, subsection G must serve the mother with a copy of the verified petition and summons within thirty days after completion of service of notice as prescribed by that subsection.

D. If the respondent does not file a response or if the respondent files a written response admitting paternity or maternity, the court may immediately enter a judgment of paternity or maternity. If other relevant issues are raised in the petition or response or in a separate petition filed after entry of a paternity or maternity judgment, the court shall proceed to resolve all relevant issues in the case pursuant to the rules of procedure applicable to family law cases.

E. A trial held pursuant to this section shall be made to the court.

§ 25-807. Precedence of maternity and paternity proceedings; delay for paternity tests; court order; evidentiary use; alternative tests; out-of-state orders; immunity

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Proceedings to establish maternity and paternity have precedence over other civil proceedings. The case shall be set for trial within sixty days from the filing of an answer by the respondent.

B. A delay in determining paternity in an action commenced before the birth of the child shall be granted until after the birth of the child for purposes of paternity tests if any party to the proceedings requests.

C. The court, on its own motion or on motion of any party to the proceedings, shall order the mother, her child or children and the alleged father to submit to genetic testing and shall direct that inherited characteristics to determine parentage, including blood and tissue type, be determined by appropriate testing procedures conducted by an accredited laboratory. If the mother is unavailable or fails to cooperate by refusing to submit to genetic testing, testing of the alleged father and child or children may be appropriate. An expert duly qualified as an examiner of genetic markers shall be agreed on by the parties or appointed by the court to analyze and interpret the results and report to the court.

D. If the results of the genetic tests indicate that the likelihood of the alleged father’s paternity is ninety-five per cent or greater, the alleged father is presumed to be the parent of the child and the party opposing the establishment of the alleged father’s paternity shall establish by clear and convincing evidence that the alleged father is not the father of the child.

E. The examiner’s report shall be admitted at trial unless a timely written challenge to the examiner’s report is filed with the court within twenty days of the date the report was filed with the court. If the results of the examiner’s report have been challenged and on the reasonable request of a party, the court shall order an additional test to be made by the same laboratory or an independent laboratory at the expense of the party requesting additional testing.

F. If a timely written challenge is not filed pursuant to subsection E, the examiner’s report is admissible in evidence without the need for foundation testimony or other proof of authenticity or accuracy.

G. The court, on application of either party, shall determine the proportion and time in which the initial test costs shall be paid.

H. On motion of a party to the proceedings, the court may order that experts perform alternative or additional tests including medical, scientific and genetic tests.

I. Either party may apply for summary judgment on the issue of paternity.

J. A state or local agency in this state, including the department of economic security, the department of child safety, the state department of corrections and any other correctional facility that has custody of a person who is the subject of the genetic testing order, shall treat a genetic testing order issued in another state that appears to be in good order as if it were issued by a court of this state.

K. Notwithstanding any other law, an agency, agency employee or agency contractor that acts in good faith to cooperate in obtaining genetic testing samples under this section is not subject to civil or criminal liability.

§ 25-813. Default order of paternity

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In an action to establish paternity, the court shall enter an order of paternity if either:

1. The service of summons is complete and the respondent fails to appear or otherwise answer.

2. An order for genetic or blood testing has been entered and the respondent fails to appear without cause for an appointment to take a blood or genetic test or fails to take a blood or genetic test.

§ 25-814. Presumption of paternity

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A man is presumed to be the father of the child if:

1. He and the mother of the child were married at any time in the ten months immediately preceding the birth or the child is born within ten months after the marriage is terminated by death, annulment, declaration of invalidity or dissolution of marriage or after the court enters a decree of legal separation.

2. Genetic testing affirms at least a ninety-five per cent probability of paternity.

3. A birth certificate is signed by the mother and father of a child born out of wedlock.

4. A notarized or witnessed statement is signed by both parents acknowledging paternity or separate substantially similar notarized or witnessed statements are signed by both parents acknowledging paternity.

B. If another man is presumed to be the child’s father under subsection A, paragraph 1, an acknowledgment of paternity may be effected only with the written consent of the presumed father or after the presumption is rebutted. If the presumed father has died or cannot reasonably be located, paternity may be established without written consent.

C. Any presumption under this section shall be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence. If two or more presumptions apply, the presumption that the court determines, on the facts, is based on weightier considerations of policy and logic will control. A court decree establishing paternity of the child by another man rebuts the presumption.

Chapter 7. Covenant Marriage

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. General Provisions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-901. Covenant marriage; declaration of intent; filing requirements

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Persons who have the legal capacity to marry pursuant to this title may enter into a covenant marriage by declaring their intent to do so on their application for a license obtained pursuant to § 25-121 and by complying with the requirements of this chapter. The returned marriage license shall be recorded as provided by § 25-123 with an indication that the marriage is a covenant marriage, and the declaration shall be filed by the clerk.

B. A declaration of intent to enter into a covenant marriage shall contain all of the following:

1. The following written statement:

A Covenant Marriage

We solemnly declare that marriage is a covenant between a man and a woman who agree to live together as husband and wife for as long as they both live. We have chosen each other carefully and have received premarital counseling on the nature, purposes and responsibilities of marriage. We understand that a covenant marriage is for life. If we experience marital difficulties, we commit ourselves to take all reasonable efforts to preserve our marriage, including marital counseling.

With full knowledge of what this commitment means, we do declare that our marriage will be bound by Arizona law on covenant marriages and we promise to love, honor and care for one another as husband and wife for the rest of our lives.

2. An affidavit by the parties that they have received premarital counseling from a member of the clergy or from a marriage counselor. Premarital counseling shall include a discussion of the seriousness of covenant marriage, communication of the fact that a covenant marriage is a commitment for life, a discussion of the obligation to seek marital counseling in times of marital difficulties and a discussion of the exclusive grounds for legally terminating a covenant marriage by dissolution of marriage or legal separation.

3. The signatures of both parties witnessed by a court clerk.

C. A notarized attestation that is signed by the clergy or counselor must be submitted with the application for a license and shall confirm that the parties were counseled as to the nature and purpose of the marriage and the grounds for its termination and that the counselor provided to the parties the informational pamphlet developed by the supreme court pursuant to this chapter. The clerk shall document that the attestation was submitted.

§ 25-903. Dissolution of a covenant marriage; grounds

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, if a husband and wife have entered into a covenant marriage pursuant to this chapter the court shall not enter a decree of dissolution of marriage pursuant to chapter 3, article 2 of this title [FN1] unless it finds any of the following:

1. The respondent spouse has committed adultery.

2. The respondent spouse has committed a felony and has been sentenced to death or imprisonment in any federal, state, county or municipal correctional facility.

3. The respondent spouse has abandoned the matrimonial domicile for at least one year before the petitioner filed for dissolution of marriage and refuses to return. A party may file a petition based on this ground by alleging that the respondent spouse has left the matrimonial domicile and is expected to remain absent for the required period. If the respondent spouse has not abandoned the matrimonial domicile for the required period at the time of the filing of the petition, the action shall not be dismissed for failure to state sufficient grounds and the action shall be stayed for the period of time remaining to meet the grounds based on abandonment, except that the court may enter and enforce temporary orders pursuant to § 25-315 during the time that the action is pending.

4. The respondent spouse has physically or sexually abused the spouse seeking the dissolution of marriage, a child, a relative of either spouse permanently living in the matrimonial domicile or has committed domestic violence as defined in § 13-3601 or emotional abuse.

5. The spouses have been living separate and apart continuously without reconciliation for at least two years before the petitioner filed for dissolution of marriage. A party may file a petition based on this ground by alleging that it is expected that the parties will be living separate and apart for the required period. If the parties have not been separated for the required period at the time of the filing of the petition, the action shall not be dismissed for failure to state sufficient grounds and the action shall be stayed for the period of time remaining to meet the grounds based on separation, except that the court may enter and enforce temporary orders pursuant to § 25-315 during the time that the action is pending.

6. The spouses have been living separate and apart continuously without reconciliation for at least one year from the date the decree of legal separation was entered.

7. The respondent spouse has habitually abused drugs or alcohol.

8. The husband and wife both agree to a dissolution of marriage.

Chapter 8. Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. General Provisions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-1002. Definitions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

In this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Abandoned” means left without provision for reasonable and necessary care or supervision.

2. “Child” has the same meaning prescribed in § 1-215.

3. “Child custody determination”:

(a) Means any judgment, decree or other order of a court, including a permanent, temporary, initial and modification order, for legal custody, physical custody or visitation with respect to a child.

(b) Does not include an order relating to child support or any other monetary obligation of an individual.

4. “Child custody proceeding”:

(a) Means a proceeding, including a proceeding for divorce, separation, neglect, abuse, dependency, guardianship, paternity, termination of parental rights and protection from domestic violence, in which legal custody, physical custody or visitation with respect to a child is an issue or in which that issue may appear.

(b) Does not include a proceeding involving juvenile delinquency, contractual emancipation or enforcement under article 3 of this chapter. [FN1]

5. “Commencement” means the filing of the first pleading in a proceeding.

6. “Court” means an entity authorized under the law of a state to establish, enforce or modify a child custody determination.

7. “Home state” means:

(a) The state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child custody proceeding, including any period during which that person is temporarily absent from that state.

(b) If a child is less than six months of age, the state in which the child lived from birth with a parent or person acting as a parent, including any period during which that person is temporarily absent from that state.

8. “Initial determination” means the first child custody determination concerning a particular child.

9. “Issuing court” means the court that makes a child custody determination for which enforcement is sought under this chapter.

10. “Issuing state” means the state in which a child custody determination is made.

11. “Modification” means a child custody determination that changes, replaces, supersedes or is otherwise made after a previous determination concerning the same child, whether or not it is made by the court that made the previous determination.

12. “Person” means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency or instrumentality, or public corporation or any other legal or commercial entity.

13. “Person acting as a parent” means a person, other than a parent, who meets both of the following requirements:

(a) Has physical custody of the child or has had physical custody for a period of six consecutive months, including any temporary absence, within one year immediately before the commencement of a child custody proceeding.

(b) Has been awarded legal custody by a court or claims a right to legal custody under the law of this state.

14. “Physical custody” means the physical care and supervision of a child.

15. “State” means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.

16. “Tribe” means an Indian tribe or band or Alaskan native village that is recognized by federal law or formally acknowledged by a state.

17. “Visitation” includes parenting time as defined in § 25-401.

18. “Warrant” means an order issued by a court authorizing law enforcement officers to take physical custody of a child.

Article 2. Jurisdiction

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-1031. Initial child custody jurisdiction

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. Except as otherwise provided in section 25-1034, a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if any of the following is true:

1. This state is the home state of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state.

2. A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under paragraph 1 or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under section 25-1037 or 25-1038 and both of the following are true:

(a) The child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least one parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than mere physical presence.

(b) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child’s care, protection, training and personal relationships.

3. All courts having jurisdiction under paragraph 1 or 2 have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under section 25-1037 or 25-1038.

4. A court of any other state would not have jurisdiction under the criteria specified in paragraph 1, 2 or 3.

B. Subsection A of this section is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for making a child custody determination by a court of this state.

C. Physical presence of or personal jurisdiction over a party or a child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody determination.

§ 25-1034. Temporary emergency jurisdiction

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A court of this state has temporary emergency jurisdiction if the child is present in this state and the child has been abandoned or it is necessary in an emergency to protect the child because the child, or a sibling or parent of the child, is subjected to or threatened with mistreatment or abuse.

B. If there is no previous child custody determination that is entitled to be enforced under this chapter and a child custody proceeding has not been commenced in a court of a state having jurisdiction under section 25-1031, 25-1032 or 25-1033, a child custody determination made under this section remains in effect until an order is obtained from a court of a state having jurisdiction under section 25-1031, 25-1032 or 25-1033. If a child custody proceeding has not been or is not commenced in a court of a state having jurisdiction under section 25-1031, 25-1032 or 25-1033, a child custody determination made under this section becomes a final determination, if it so provides and this state becomes the home state of the child.

C. If there is a previous child custody determination that is entitled to be enforced under this chapter or a child custody proceeding has been commenced in a court of a state having jurisdiction under section 25-1031, 25-1032 or 25-1033, any order issued by a court of this state under this section must specify in the order a period that the court considers adequate to allow the person seeking an order to obtain an order from the state having jurisdiction under section 25-1031, 25-1032 or 25-1033. The order issued in this state remains in effect until an order is obtained from the other state within the period specified or the period expires.

D. A court of this state that has been asked to make a child custody determination under this section, on being informed that a child custody proceeding has been commenced in, or a child custody determination has been made by, a court of a state having jurisdiction under section 25-1031, 25-1032 or 25-1033, shall immediately communicate with the other court. A court of this state that exercises jurisdiction pursuant to section 25-1031, 25-1032 or 25-1033, on being informed that a child custody proceeding has been commenced in, or a child custody determination has been made by, a court of another state under a statute similar to this section, shall immediately communicate with the court of that state to resolve the emergency, protect the safety of the parties and the child and determine a period for the duration of the temporary order.

Article 3. Enforcement

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 25-1055. Registration of child custody determination

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A child custody determination issued by a court of another state may be registered in this state, with or without a simultaneous request for enforcement, by sending to the appropriate court in this state all of the following:

1. A letter or another document requesting registration.

2. Two copies, including one certified copy, of the determination sought to be registered and a statement under penalty of perjury that to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person seeking registration the order has not been modified.

3. Except as otherwise provided in § 25-1039, the name and address of the person seeking registration and any parent or person acting as a parent who has been awarded custody or visitation in the child custody determination sought to be registered.

B. On receipt of the documents required by subsection A of this section, the registering court shall:

1. Cause the determination to be filed as a foreign judgment, together with one copy of any accompanying documents and information, regardless of their form.

2. Serve notice on the persons named pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 3 of this section and provide them with an opportunity to contest the registration in accordance with this section.

C. The notice required by subsection B, paragraph 2 of this section must state that:

1. A registered determination is enforceable as of the date of the registration in the same manner as a determination issued by a court of this state.

2. A hearing to contest the validity of the registered determination must be requested within twenty days after service of notice.

3. Failure to contest the registration shall result in confirmation of the child custody determination and preclude further contest of that determination with respect to any matter that could have been asserted.

D. A person seeking to contest the validity of a registered order must request a hearing within twenty days after service of the notice. At that hearing, the court shall confirm the registered order unless the person contesting registration establishes any of the following:

1. The issuing court did not have jurisdiction under article 2 of this chapter.1

2. The child custody determination sought to be registered has been vacated, stayed or modified by a court having jurisdiction to do so under article 2 of this chapter.

3. The person contesting registration was entitled to notice, but notice was not given in accordance with the standards of § 25-1008, in the proceedings before the court that issued the order for which registration is sought.

E. If a timely request for a hearing to contest the validity of the registration is not made, the registration is confirmed as a matter of law and the person requesting registration and all persons served must be notified of the confirmation.

F. Confirmation of a registered order, whether by operation of law or after notice and a hearing, precludes further contest of the order with respect to any matter that could have been asserted at the time of registration.

§ 25-1056. Enforcement of registered determination

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A court of this state may grant any relief normally available under the law of this state to enforce a registered child custody determination made by a court of another state.

B. A court of this state shall recognize and enforce, but shall not modify, except in accordance with article 2 of this chapter,1 a registered child custody determination of a court of another state.

Title 33. Property

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 10. Arizona Residential Landlord and Tenant Act

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. General Provisions

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 33-1315. Prohibited provisions in rental agreements

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A rental agreement shall not provide that the tenant does any of the following:

1. Agrees to waive or to forego rights or remedies under this chapter.

2. Agrees to pay the landlord’s attorney fees, except an agreement in writing may provide that attorney fees may be awarded to the prevailing party in the event of court action and except that a prevailing party in a contested forcible detainer action is eligible to be awarded attorney fees pursuant to section 12-341.01 regardless of whether the rental agreement provides for such an award.

3. Agrees to the exculpation or limitation of any liability of the landlord arising under law or to indemnify the landlord for that liability or the costs connected therewith.

4. Agrees to waive or limit the tenant’s right to summon or any other person’s right to summon a peace officer or other emergency assistance in response to an emergency.

5. Agrees to payment of monetary penalties or otherwise penalizes the tenant for the tenant summoning or for any other person summoning a peace officer or other emergency assistance in response to an emergency.

B. A provision that is prohibited by subsection A of this section and that is included in a rental agreement is unenforceable. If a landlord deliberately uses a rental agreement containing provisions known by the landlord to be prohibited, the tenant may recover actual damages sustained by the tenant and not more than two months’ periodic rent.

C. This section does not limit the landlord’s right to evict a tenant pursuant to section 33-1368.

§ 33-1318. Early termination by tenant; domestic violence; sexual assault; requirements; lock replacement; access refusal; treble damages; immunity

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. A tenant may terminate a rental agreement pursuant to this section if the tenant provides to the landlord written notice pursuant to this section that the tenant is the victim of domestic violence as defined in § 13-3601 or was the victim, in the tenant’s dwelling, of sexual assault pursuant to § 13-1406. The tenant’s rights and obligations under the rental agreement are terminated and the tenant shall vacate the dwelling and avoid liability for future rent and shall not incur early termination penalties or fees if the tenant provides to the landlord a written notice requesting release from the rental agreement with a mutually agreed on release date within the next thirty days, accompanied by any one of the following:

1. A copy of any protective order issued pursuant to § 13-3602 to a tenant who is a victim of domestic violence or sexual assault. A landlord may also request a receipt or signed statement that the order of protection has been submitted to an authorized officer of a court for service.

2. A copy of a written departmental report from a law enforcement agency that states that the tenant notified the law enforcement agency that the tenant was a victim of domestic violence or sexual assault.

B. A landlord may request from the victim the name and address of the person named in an order of protection or a departmental report pursuant to subsection A of this section, in writing, if known by the victim.

C. The tenant may terminate the rental agreement pursuant to this section only if the actions, events or circumstances that resulted in the tenant being a victim of domestic violence as defined in § 13-3601 or sexual assault pursuant to § 13-1406 occurred within the thirty-day period immediately preceding the written notice of termination to the landlord, unless waived by the landlord.

D. If the tenant terminates the rental agreement as prescribed by this section and if the tenant is solely or jointly liable on the rental agreement, the tenant is liable only for rent owed or paid through the date of the lease termination plus any previous obligations outstanding on that date. The amount due from the tenant shall be paid to the landlord on or before the date the tenant vacates the dwelling. If the tenant has prepaid rent that would apply for the month in which the lease is terminated, the landlord may retain the prepaid rent and no refund is due to the tenant. If the tenant has paid a security deposit pursuant to § 33-1321, the landlord shall not withhold the security deposit for the early termination of the lease if the tenant meets the requirements prescribed by subsection A of this section, but may withhold the security deposit for payment of damages which that the landlord suffered by reason of the tenant’s noncompliance with § 33-1341.

E. A tenant who is a victim of domestic violence or sexual assault may require the landlord to install a new lock to the tenant’s dwelling if the tenant pays for the cost of installing the new lock. A landlord may comply with this requirement by doing either of the following:

1. Rekeying the lock if the lock is in good working condition.

2. Replacing the entire locking mechanism with a locking mechanism of equal or better quality than the lock being replaced.

F. A landlord who installs a new lock at the tenant’s request may retain a copy of the key that opens the new lock. Notwithstanding any provision in the rental agreement, the landlord may refuse to provide a key that opens the new lock to the person named in an order of protection or a departmental report pursuant to subsection A of this section.

G. A landlord shall refuse to provide access to the dwelling to reclaim property to any tenant if the tenant is the person named in an order of protection or a departmental report pursuant to subsection A of this section who has been served with an order of protection naming that tenant as the defendant and the landlord has received a copy of the order of protection, unless a law enforcement officer escorts the tenant into and out of the dwelling.

H. A tenant who terminates a lease pursuant to this section and who is convicted of falsely filing a departmental report or order of protection for domestic violence or sexual assault is liable to the landlord for treble damages for premature termination of the lease.

I. A person named in an order of protection or a departmental report pursuant to subsection A of this section who provokes an early lease termination under this section is deemed to have interfered with the residential rental agreement between the landlord and tenant regardless of whether the person named in an order of protection or a departmental report pursuant to subsection A of this section is a party to the rental agreement, and the person named in an order of protection or a departmental report pursuant to subsection A of this section may be civilly liable for all economic losses incurred by a landlord for the domestic violence or sexual assault early lease termination. This civil liability includes unpaid rent, early lease termination fees, costs to repair damage to the premises and any reductions or waivers of rent previously granted to the tenant who was the victim of domestic violence or sexual assault.

J. If there are multiple tenants who are parties to a rental agreement that has been terminated under this section, the tenancy for those tenants also terminates. The tenants who are not the victims of domestic violence or sexual assault, excluding the person named in an order of protection or a departmental report pursuant to subsection A of this section that caused the termination of the lease pursuant to this section, may be released from any financial obligations due under the previously existing rental agreement and the remaining tenants may be allowed to enter into a new lease with the landlord if the tenants meet all current application requirements.

K. An emergency order of protection or a protective order that is issued to a resident of a rental property automatically applies to the entire residential rental property in which the tenant has a rental agreement.

L. This section does not limit a landlord’s right to terminate a lease pursuant to § 33-1368 against the victim for actions unrelated to the act of domestic violence or sexual assault.

M. A landlord is not liable for any actions taken in good faith pursuant to this section.

Title 46. Welfare

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Chapter 3. Child Support Obligations

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Article 1. Reimbursement of Public Assistance

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

§ 46-407. Assignment of rights to support; definition

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

A. The right to support of a child and spouse who receive temporary assistance for needy families pursuant to Public Law 104-193 and chapter 2, article 5 of this title1 and the right to medical support of a child who receives medical assistance under title XIX of the social security act is assigned to this state by operation of law. The support rights are assigned to the state regardless of whether the applicant for assistance has any right to receive the support. The department shall take all steps necessary to enforce the assigned rights to support.

B. The support rights assigned to the state apply to all children of the household for whom temporary assistance for needy families is granted. If a child is denied temporary assistance for needy families due to the receipt of social security income for the child or the child is subject to § 46-292, subsection H, the department shall divide the court ordered child support amount by the number of children in the court order. The prorated amount is exempt from assignment for the child who is receiving social security income or subject to § 46-292, subsection H.

C. The right to support of a child on whose behalf foster care maintenance payments are made is assigned pursuant to § 8-243.02. If the child support order covers more than one child, the department shall determine the amount to be distributed to the state by dividing the court ordered support amount by the number of the children in the court order.

D. For the purposes of this section, “support” has the same meaning prescribed in § 25-500.

Rules of Family Law Procedure

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Part V. Default Decree and Consent Decree, Judgment, or Order; Dismissal

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Rule 45.1. Summary Consent Decree

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

(a) Generally. If the parties reach a comprehensive settlement on all issues before either party has petitioned for dissolution of marriage or legal separation, they may file a summary consent petition and response and pay the appropriate fees. This rule does not apply to petitions in paternity, maternity, or third-party matters.

(b) Summary Consent Petition and Response. The summary consent petition and response must be a single document captioned as “Summary Consent Petition and Response” and include:

(1) the birth date, occupation, and address of each party and the length of each party’s domicile in Arizona;

(2) the date of the parties’ marriage, where it was performed, and whether it is a covenant marriage;

(3) the names, birth dates, and addresses of all living children (natural or adopted) common to the parties and whether a party is pregnant;

(4) a statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction;

(5) a statement that formal service of process is waived;

(6) a statement, in the case of marriage dissolution, that the marriage is irretrievably broken, or, in the case of legal separation, that the marriage is irretrievably broken or that both parties desire to live separate and apart;

(7) a statement that the parties have resolved all issues about their dissolution or separation;

(8) a request that the court enter a decree of dissolution or legal separation and a statement of the relief the parties jointly seek; and

(9) both parties’ signatures.

(c) Preliminary Injunction. Notwithstanding the requirements of Rule 25(a), when filing a summary consent petition and response, the parties must present two copies of a preliminary injunction to the clerk to issue under A.R.S. § 25-315(A). The clerk will issue the injunctions and return copies to the parties.

(d) Entry of a Summary Consent Decree.

(1) Agreements and Proposed Decree. Upon filing the summary consent petition and response, or at any time no later than 60 days after the filing date, the parties must submit to the court all required final settlement documents, including their written agreements and the proposed decree.

(2) Content of the Proposed Decree. The proposed decree’s content must meet the requirements of Rule 45(b). If children are involved, the proposed decree’s content must also meet the requirements of Rule 45(c).

(3) Waiting Period; Hearing. The court may not enter a final summary consent decree earlier than 60 days after the filing date of the summary consent petition and response. After 60 days, the court may enter a summary consent decree without a hearing if it has determined that the parties have met the requirements for a summary consent decree. Alternatively, the court may set a hearing on specified issues or enter other appropriate orders. The court must set the matter for hearing or rule on the lodged summary consent decree no later than 81 days after the filing date.

(4) Notice of Intent to Withdraw. Before the summary consent decree is entered, either party may request to withdraw from the agreement. If the court allows a party to withdraw, the case will continue as a dissolution or separation proceeding upon paying the additional required fees and filing the appropriate pleadings under Rule 23. The court must dismiss the case if the parties jointly withdraw from the summary consent decree agreement.

Rules of Small Claims Procedure

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

Rule 1. Small Claims Lawsuit

Updated: 
October 22, 2024

(a) Definition and Jurisdictional Limit. A small claims lawsuit is a voluntary, simplified procedure for a lawsuit in the small claims division of the justice court. The small claims division may only decide lawsuits in which the debt, damage, tort, injury, or value of the personal property claims by the plaintiff are not more than $3,500 and counterclaims by the defendant are not more than $3,500, exclusive of interest and costs. A small claims lawsuit also includes lawsuits where a party asks the court to disaffirm, avoid, or rescind a contract, or seeks equitable relief, and the amount at issue is not more than $3,500.
(b) Governing Authorities.
 (1) Rules and Statutes. These rules and the Arizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) Title 22, Chapter 5, govern procedures for small claims lawsuits and provide a process for inexpensive, speedy, and informal resolutions. Courts and parties should interpret these rules liberally and consistently with this purpose.
(2) Electronically Filed Documents. Arizona Code of Judicial Administration (ACJA) § 1-901 applies to documents filed through an electronic filing service provider. “Electronic filing service provider” has the same meaning as provided in ACJA § 1-901.
 (c) Representation. Attorneys may not represent a party in a small claims lawsuit unless all the parties agree in writing. A corporation, partnership, association, or any other business or organization must file a notice stating the name of an authorized person who will file and appear in court on its behalf.
 (d) No Jury and No Appeal. There is no right to a jury trial or to appeal the judgment in a small claims lawsuit. The decision of the justice of the peace or hearing officer is final and binding on both parties.
(e) Electronic Signatures and Electronic Notarizations. The clerk must accept for filing any document that purports to have a signature, including documents that appear to be electronically signed or electronically notarized in accordance with applicable law. If the authenticity or sufficiency of an electronic signature or electronic notarization is disputed, a judicial officer will make a determination under applicable substantive law.